GB1584739A – Tuyeres
– Google Patents
GB1584739A – Tuyeres
– Google Patents
Tuyeres
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Publication number
GB1584739A
GB1584739A
GB52523/77A
GB5252377A
GB1584739A
GB 1584739 A
GB1584739 A
GB 1584739A
GB 52523/77 A
GB52523/77 A
GB 52523/77A
GB 5252377 A
GB5252377 A
GB 5252377A
GB 1584739 A
GB1584739 A
GB 1584739A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
tuyere
passage means
peripheral passage
circumference
protective liquid
Prior art date
1977-01-21
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
GB52523/77A
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Creusot Loire SA
Original Assignee
Creusot Loire SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
1977-01-21
Filing date
1977-12-16
Publication date
1981-02-18
1977-12-16
Application filed by Creusot Loire SA
filed
Critical
Creusot Loire SA
1981-02-18
Publication of GB1584739A
publication
Critical
patent/GB1584739A/en
Status
Expired
legal-status
Critical
Current
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Classifications
C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
C22B9/00—General processes of refining or remelting of metals; Apparatus for electroslag or arc remelting of metals
C22B9/05—Refining by treating with gases, e.g. gas flushing also refining by means of a material generating gas in situ
C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
C21C5/28—Manufacture of steel in the converter
C21C5/30—Regulating or controlling the blowing
C21C5/34—Blowing through the bath
C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
C21C5/28—Manufacture of steel in the converter
C21C5/42—Constructional features of converters
C21C5/46—Details or accessories
C21C5/48—Bottoms or tuyéres of converters
Description
PATENT SPECIFICATION
a ( 21) Application No 52523/77 ( 22) Filed 16 Dec 1977 C ( 31) Convention Application No 7 701 672 ( 32) Filed 21 Jan 1977 in o ( 33) France (FR) e ( 44) Complete Specification published 18 Feb 1981 ( 51) INT CL 3 C 21 C 5/28, 5/48 ( 52) Index at acceptance F 4 B 126 JB C 7 D 3 G 1 B 3 G 2 A 2 3 G 7 H 2 3 G 7 H 3 3 G 7 N 3 G 7 Q ( 72) Inventors PIERRE LEROY and EMILE SPRUNCK ( 54) IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO TUYERES ( 71) We, CREUSOT-LOIRE, a French Corporate Body, and EMILE SPRUNCK, of French Nationality, of 42, rue d’Anjou, Paris 80, France, and 5 rue Joffre, 57250 Moyeuvre Grande, France, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly de-
scribed in and by the following statement:-
The invention concerns the protection of blowing tuyeres for use in refining liquid metals against wear when hot.
It is known to protect blowing tuyeres against wear when hot by peripherally introducing a protective fluid, which may be a liquid or a gas, around the main refining fluid, which may be pure oxygen.
The invention only concerns blowing tuveres protected by a liquid The protective liquid can be water, liquid hydrocarbons, such as fuel oil, liquid butane, liquid carbon dioxide, or a mixture or emulsion of various liquids The invention is applicable irrespective of the nature of the protective liquid and is applicable to tuyeres comprising two or more tubes.
As is well known, for example in the case of known tuyeres blowing pure oxygen in a steel-works converter, where the tuyeres are protected by peripherally introduced domestic fuel oil, the conditional flow rate of fuel oil is between 0 13 and 0 15 litres per minute, per centimetre of mean circumference of the annular passage for the fuel oil in each tuyere.
The fuel oil is introduced at a relatively low pressure of between 4 and 8 bars because the annular space for the oil between the two tubes of the tuyere is usually between approximately 1 and 1 5 millimetres wide Under the above normal operating condition, the rate of wear of the tuyeres is of the order of 8 to 10 millimetres per hour of blowing, when refining cast steel.
According to one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of using a blowing tuyere for refining liquid metal so as to protect the tuyere against wear, the tuyere having a central passage and peripheral passage means around the central passage and being arranged with its nose immersed in the liquid metal, the method comprising supplying an oxidizing gas to the central passage and supplying a protective liquid to the peripheral passage means, wherein the input pressure of the protective liquid is at least 15 bars, and the flow cross-section of the peripheral passage means does not exceed 2 square millimetres per centimetre of circumference of the tuyere at the peripheral passage means and the rate of flow of the protective liquid in the peripheral passage means is between 0 05 and 0 14 litres per minute per centimetre of said circumference.
Since the flow cross-section of the protective liquid is so small, the protective liquid is introduced at a relatively high pressure to allow for the considerable pressure drop While the pressure is at least 15 bars, it is preferably much higher, of the order of 30 to 50 bars.
In the case where steel is refined in a bottom blown converter it is found particularly advantageous if, between the beginning of refining and the time when the carbon content in the metal bath is of the order of 0 500 %, the flow rate of protective liquid is adjusted to between 0 05 and 0 06 litres per minute, per centimetre of circumference, and then, below 0.500 % carbon in the metal bath, the flow rate of the protective liquid is adjusted to between 0 08 and 0 14 litres per minute, per centimetre of circumference.
Where the protective liquid is liquid carbon dioxide, it is advantageous to maintain a pressure of the order of 30 to 50 bars and for the flow rate to be between 0 09 and 0.14 litres/minute/centimetre circumference, a high pressure being additionally required to ensure that the carbon dioxide remains liquid in the tuyere.
In the case where the oxidizing gas in the inner tube of each tuyere is pure oxygen, the previously-mentioned flow rates of the protec( 11) 1584739 1,584,739 tive liquid apply with effective oxygen pressures of not more than 10 bars, measured upstream of the tuyere.
Where the effective pressure (p) of the pure oxygen is above 10 bars, the aforementioned flow rates of protective liquid should be multiplied by Vt 7 Ih 7 the flow rate being increased by increasing the pressure at which the protective liquid is introduced, without modifying the flow cross-section of the protective liquid.
It is necessary to adjust the flow rate of the protective liquid in the above manner because a very high flow rate of pure oxygen produces an overheated reaction region in the bath opposite the tuyere.
Where the pure oxygen contains powder in suspension, e g lime powder, which has a cooling effect in the metal bath, the flow rate of the protective liquid should be modified in the opposite direction from the above, depending on the flow rate of the powder.
The invention also relates to two kinds of tuyeres when used in the above described method.
The first tuyere comprises at least two concentric tubes providing a central passage in the inner tube for oxidising gas and peripheral passage means between the tubes for protective liquid, wherein the total flow cross-section of the peripheral passage means does not exceed 2 square millimetres per centimetre circumference of the inner wall of the outer tube.
The peripheral passage means may comprise a very thin continuous annular passage or a set of discontinuous passages disposed in a circle The discontinuous passages are therefore very narrow and, generally, are distributed on a circumference near the periphery of the tuyere.
The second tuyere comprises a central passage for oxidising gas and a ring of ducts adjacent the tuyere periphery and forming peripheral passage means for protective liquid, wherein the total cross-section of the ducts peripheral passage means does not exceed 2 square millimetres per centimeter circumference of the ring of ducts.
Preferably the total flow cross-section of the peripheral passage means is between 0 12 and 0 6 square millimetres per centimetre circumference of the peripheral passage means In the second tuyere the ducts need not be circular.
Thus, the main features of the above described method are that the protective liquid is introduced at high pressure and into a very narrow flow cross-section The high pressure ensures that the protective liquid, and consequently the mass cooling effect over the entire circumference of the tuyere, is highly efficient, whereas the very small flow crosssection ensures that the flow rate and consequently the consumption of liquid are low.
The surprising feature of the invention is that, although the consumption of protective liquid is considerably reduced compared with the prior art, the wear on the tuyere protected using the invention can be slowed down considerably and practically stopped in some cases Consequently the life of the refractory bottom or lining equipped with such tuyeres can be substantially improved.
rt is found, surprisingly, that, if the pressure of the protective fluid is sufficieutly high, the efficient distribution of protection around the central jet of oxidizing gas is more important than the overall cooling effect This is not obvious a prioi, and a considerable number of experiments were required in order to show this result, i e that the tuyere is given better protection while the consumption of protective liquid is reduced.
These excellent results were obtained only with very small flow cross-sections, e g an annular flow cross-section of protective liquid having a radial width of the order of at most 0.15 mm, in other words at least 10 times smaller than those of the usual sections in known tuyures.
The invention also relates to a tuyere for use in the above method comprising at least two concentric tubes providing a central passage in the inner tube for oxidizing gas and peripheral passage means between the tubes for protective liquid, wherein the total flow cross-section of the peripheral passage means does not exceed 2 square millimetres per centimetre circumference of the inner wall of the outer tube and the radial dimensions of the peripheral passage means do not exceed 0.15 mm.
Alternatively, the tuyere may be solidforged, the peripheral passage means being provided by a ring of ducts adjacent the peripheray of the tuyere and surrounding a central passage.
The invention will be more fully understood from the following description of two embodiments of a tuyere according to the invention, which are given by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which.
Figure 1 is a quarter of a cross-section through an embodiment of a tuyere according to the present invention, on a very large scale, which is considerably greater than unity; Figure 2 shows a detail of the tuyere of Figure 1; and Figure 3 is a part of a cross-section through another embodiment of a tuyere according to the present invention.
The tuyere of Figure 1 comprises an inner tube 1 having an inner diameter of 28 millimetres and an outer diameter of 38 millimetres The outer tube 2 has an inner diameter of 38 2 millimetres and an outer diameter of 48 millimetres The inner tube 1 2 1,584,739 3 is centred in the outer tube 2 by means of regularly spaced longitudinally extending ridges 3 which project from the inner tube.
The protective liquid flows through the annular space between the tubes 1 and 2 and the total flow cross-section of the protective liquid is equal to the sum of the constituent portions 4 between the ridges 3 and is approximately 11 square millimetres in the present embodiment The cross-section extends around a circumference 12 centimetres long.
The length of the tuyere is 1,010 mm.
The centering ridges 3 can have various geometrical shapes A preferred ridge 3 is shown in Figure 2 The ridge 3 has a round cross-section having a radius of 0 6 millimetres, a width at its base of 0 6 millimetres and a height of 0 1 mm The circumferential distance between each pair of adjacent ridges is 11 9 mm, i e there are 10 such ridges on the circumference of the tube 1 which has a diameter of 38 mm.
The tuyere of Figure 3 comprises an inner tube 5 and an outer tube 6, the space between the tubes for the protective liquid being provided by longitudinal grooves 7 in the outer surface of the inner tube, the grooves being regularly spaced over the circumference of the tube 5 In a preferred embodiment the inner tube 5 has an inner diameter of 28 mm and an outer diameter of 38 mm, and the inner tube 5 has a maximum clearance of 0 030 mm relative to the outer tube 6 The grooves 7 in the tube 5 are 1 6 mm wide and 0 15 mm deep The distance between corresponding ends of adjacent grooves is 2 38 mm, so that tube has 50 grooves as 7 on its outer surface, and the grooves extend over about 67 % of the circumference of the inner tube.
Alternatively the tuyere may be solidforged, the peripheral passage means being provided by a ring of ducts adjacent the periphery of the tuyere and surrounding a central passage for the oxidizing gas.
For the refining of steel, one of the above described tuyeres can be used as follows with regard to the introduction of protective liquid:
( 1) From the beginning of refining until the carbon content in the metal bath is of the order of 0 500 %, the protective liquid is introduced at a pressure of 29 bars and the flow rate is 0 054 litres per minute and per centimetre of circumference, i e:
0.054 X 12 = 0 65 litres of protective liquid flows per minute in the tuyere in question.
( 2) Below a carbon content of 0 50 %, until the end of the refining operation, the protective liquid is introduced at a pressure of 44 bars and the flow rate of the liquid is 0 083 litres per minute per centimetre of circumference, i e 0 083 X 12 = 1 litre of protective liquid flows per minute in the tuyere in question.
In the case of a blowing operation of which the first part lasts 9 minutes and the second part lasts 3 minutes, the consumption of protective liquid per tuyere is 0 65 X 9 + 1 X 3 = 5 85 + 3 = 8 85 litres, compared with 0 9 X 9 + 1 6 X 3 = 8 1 + 4 8 = 12.9 litres for a known tuyere of the same size.
Consequently, the improvement in the liquid consumption is 12 9 = 885 = 4 05 litres per tuyere, i e.
4.05 = 31 %.
12.9 This is one advantage of the above described method The main advantage, however, is that the rate of wear on the tuyeres is greatly reduced and that the tuyeres and the bottoms of the converter last considerably longer, the service life in some cases being equal to that of the lining round the sides of the converter.
The invention is particularly applicable to the refining of steel, but is also applicable to the refining of ferrous alloys and the coarse non-ferrous metals.
In view of the reduced flow sections for the protective liquid, in use of the invention it is recommended that the scavenging gas, e.g nitrogen, used in the protective liquid passages instead of the protective liquid during the times when the latter is not used, e g.
between two successive metallurgical operations when the main refining fluid (e g pure oxygen) is cut off, should be at a pressure of at least 10 bars,
Claims (22)
WHAT WE CLAIM IS:-
1 A method of using a blowing tuyere for 100 refining liquid metal, so as to protect the tuyere against wear, the tuyere having a central passage and peripheral passage means around the central passage and being arranged with its nose immersed in the liquid metal, 105 the method comprising supplying an oxidizing gas to the central passage and supplying a protective liquid to the peripheral passage means, wherein the input pressure of the protective liquid is at least 15 bars, and the flow 110 cross-section of the peripheral passage means does not exceed 2 square millimetres per centimetre of circumference of the tuyere at the peripheral passage means, and the rate of flow of the protective liquid in the peripheral 115 passage means is between 0 05 and 0 14 litres per minute per centimetre of said circumference.
2 A method according to claim 1, for refining steel in a converter, wherein, between 120 the beginning of refining and the time when the carbon content of the metal bath is of the order of 0 500 %, the flow rate of the pro1,584,739 R tective liquid is between 0 05 and 0 06 litre per minute per centimetre of said circumference, and, when the carbon content of the metal bath is below 0 500 %, the flow rate of the protective liquid is increased to between 0.08 and 0 14 litre per minute per centimetre of said circumference.
3 A method of using a blowing tuyere for refining liquid metal so as to protect the tuyere against wear, the tuyere having a central passage and peripheral passage means around the central passage and being arranged with its nose immmersed in the liquid metal, the method comprising supplying an oxidizing gas to the central passage and supplying a protective liquid to the peripheral passage means, wherein the oxidizing gas is pure oxygen without powder in suspension and having an effective pressure (p) greater than 10 bars upstream of the tuvere, the input pressure of the protective liquid is at least 15 bars, the flow cross-section of the peripheral passage means does not exceed 2 square millimetres per centimetre circumference of the tuyere at the peripheral passage means, and the rate of flow of the liquid in the perinheral passage means is between 0 05 v’p 7 T Mand 0 14 vp 7 T 1 T O itres per minute per centimetre of said circumference.
4 A method according to claim 3, for refining steel in a converter, wherein, between the beginning of refining and the time when the carbon content of the metal bath is of the order of 0 500 %, the flow rate of the protective liquid is between 0 05 vp 7 T Oand 0 06 V
5 p 10 litres per minute per centimetre of said circumference, and, when the carbon content of the metal bath is below 0 500 %, the flow rate of the protective liquid is increased to between 0 08 ‘7 T 1 and 0 14 Vilt U itres per minute per centimetre of said circumference.
A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the radial dimensions of the peripheral passage means do not exceed 0 15 mm.
6 A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the peripheral passage means extend circumferentially over at least two-thirds of the circumference of the tyere at the peripheral passage means.
7 A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the input pressure of the protective liquid is between 30 and 50 bars.
8 A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein, during the periods when the protective liquid does not flow through the tuyere, it is replaced in the peripheral passage means by a scavenging gas at a pressure of at least 10 bars.
9 A method of using a blowing tuyere according to either claim 1 or claim 3 substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
A tuyere when used in the method according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising at least two concentric tubes providing a central passage in the inner tube for oxidizing gas and peripheral passage means between the tubes for protective liquid, wherein the total flow cross-section of the peripheral passage means does not exceed 2 square millimetres per centimetre circumference of the inner wall of the outer tube.
11 A tuyere for use in the method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, comprising at least two concentric tubes providing a central passage in the inner tube for oxidizing gas and peripheral passage means between the tubes for protective liquid, wherein the total flow cross-section of the peripheral passage means does not exceed 2 square millimetres per centimetre circumference of the inner wall of the outer tube and the radial dimensions of the peripheral passage means do not exceed 0.15 mm.
12 A tuyere according to either claim 10 or claim 11, wherein the peripheral passage means is an annular passage.
13 A tuyere according to either claim 10 or claim 11, wherein the peripheral passage means comprises a plurality of passages forming an annular array.
14 A solid-forged tuyere when used in the method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, comprising a central passage for oxidizing gas and a ring of ducts adjacent the tuyere periphery and forming peripheral passage means for protective liquid, wherein the total cross-section of the peripheral passage means does not exceed 2 square millimetres per centimetre circumference of the ring of the peripheral passage means.
A solid-forged tuyere for use in the method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, comprising a central passage for oxidizing gas and a ring of ducts adjacent the tuyere periphery and forming peripheral passage means for protective liquid, wherein the total cross section of the peripheral passage means does not exceed 2 square millimetres per centimetre circumference of the ring of the peripheral passage means.
16 A tuyere according to any one of claims 10 to 14, wherein the total flow crosssection of the peripheral passage means is between 1 2 and 0 6 square millimetres per centimetre circumference of the peripheral passage means.
17 A tuyere according to any one of claims 10 to 16, wherein the radial dimensions of the peripheral passage means do not exceed 0 15 mm.
18 A tuyere according to any one ot claims 10 to 17, wherein the peripheral passage means extend circumferentially over at least two-thirds of the circumference of the 4 1,584,739 1,584,739 tuyere at the peripheral passage means.
19 A tuyere according to claim 10 substantially as herein described with reference to Figure 1 of the accompanying drawings.
20 A tuvere according to claim 10 substantially as herein described with reference to Figure 2 of the accomoanying drawings.
21 A tuyere according to claim 10 substantially as herein described with reference to Figure 3 of the accompanying drawings.
22 A tuyere according to claim 14 substantially as herein described.
A A THORNTON & CO, Northumberland House, 303-306 High Holborn, London, W C 1.
Printed for Her Majesty’s Stationery Office by the Courier Press, Leamington Spa, 1981.
Published by the Patent Office, 25 Southampton Buildings, London, WC 2 A l AY, from which copies may be obtained.
GB52523/77A
1977-01-21
1977-12-16
Tuyeres
Expired
GB1584739A
(en)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number
Priority Date
Filing Date
Title
FR7701672A
FR2378097A1
(en)
1977-01-21
1977-01-21
METHOD FOR PROTECTING AGAINST WEAR OF A BLOW NOZZLE FOR REFINING LIQUID METALS
Publications (1)
Publication Number
Publication Date
GB1584739A
true
GB1584739A
(en)
1981-02-18
Family
ID=9185755
Family Applications (1)
Application Number
Title
Priority Date
Filing Date
GB52523/77A
Expired
GB1584739A
(en)
1977-01-21
1977-12-16
Tuyeres
Country Status (16)
Country
Link
US
(1)
US4157813A
(en)
JP
(1)
JPS5391011A
(en)
AT
(1)
AT363109B
(en)
AU
(1)
AU500567B1
(en)
BE
(1)
BE863136A
(en)
BR
(1)
BR7800290A
(en)
CA
(1)
CA1106599A
(en)
DE
(1)
DE2757512A1
(en)
ES
(1)
ES465320A1
(en)
FR
(1)
FR2378097A1
(en)
GB
(1)
GB1584739A
(en)
IN
(1)
IN148352B
(en)
IT
(1)
IT1091544B
(en)
LU
(1)
LU78913A1
(en)
MX
(1)
MX147643A
(en)
ZA
(1)
ZA777332B
(en)
Cited By (1)
* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number
Priority date
Publication date
Assignee
Title
GB2277142A
(en)
*
1993-04-13
1994-10-19
Sanderson Kayser Limited
Treating molten metals with gases
Families Citing this family (2)
* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number
Priority date
Publication date
Assignee
Title
JPS6049687B2
(en)
*
1980-02-27
1985-11-05
川崎製鉄株式会社
Tuyere cooling method
JPS5873732A
(en)
*
1981-10-26
1983-05-04
Nippon Steel Corp
Refining method of metal
Family Cites Families (2)
* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number
Priority date
Publication date
Assignee
Title
BE752893A
(en)
*
1969-07-08
1970-12-16
Forges De La Loire St Chamond
METHOD AND DEVICE FOR COOLING A REFINING CONVERTER TUBE
FR2349655A1
(en)
*
1976-04-28
1977-11-25
Creusot Loire
METHOD OF PROTECTION OF PURE OXYGEN BLOWING TUBES IN CONVERSION STEEL
1977
1977-01-21
FR
FR7701672A
patent/FR2378097A1/en
active
Granted
1977-12-08
ZA
ZA00777332A
patent/ZA777332B/en
unknown
1977-12-09
IN
IN447/DEL/77A
patent/IN148352B/en
unknown
1977-12-15
AU
AU31596/77A
patent/AU500567B1/en
not_active
Expired
1977-12-16
GB
GB52523/77A
patent/GB1584739A/en
not_active
Expired
1977-12-22
DE
DE19772757512
patent/DE2757512A1/en
active
Granted
1977-12-22
ES
ES465320A
patent/ES465320A1/en
not_active
Expired
1977-12-26
JP
JP15719577A
patent/JPS5391011A/en
active
Pending
1977-12-28
IT
IT69931/77A
patent/IT1091544B/en
active
1978
1978-01-13
CA
CA294,938A
patent/CA1106599A/en
not_active
Expired
1978-01-18
BR
BR7800290A
patent/BR7800290A/en
unknown
1978-01-18
US
US05/870,373
patent/US4157813A/en
not_active
Expired – Lifetime
1978-01-19
LU
LU78913A
patent/LU78913A1/en
unknown
1978-01-20
BE
BE184498A
patent/BE863136A/en
not_active
IP Right Cessation
1978-01-20
MX
MX172117A
patent/MX147643A/en
unknown
1978-01-20
AT
AT0043378A
patent/AT363109B/en
not_active
IP Right Cessation
Cited By (1)
* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number
Priority date
Publication date
Assignee
Title
GB2277142A
(en)
*
1993-04-13
1994-10-19
Sanderson Kayser Limited
Treating molten metals with gases
Also Published As
Publication number
Publication date
LU78913A1
(en)
1978-06-09
AT363109B
(en)
1981-07-10
DE2757512C2
(en)
1988-06-16
MX147643A
(en)
1982-12-30
AU500567B1
(en)
1979-05-24
JPS5391011A
(en)
1978-08-10
CA1106599A
(en)
1981-08-11
ZA777332B
(en)
1978-10-25
FR2378097B1
(en)
1979-05-11
ES465320A1
(en)
1978-09-16
IT1091544B
(en)
1985-07-06
ATA43378A
(en)
1980-12-15
FR2378097A1
(en)
1978-08-18
DE2757512A1
(en)
1978-07-27
BR7800290A
(en)
1978-09-05
BE863136A
(en)
1978-07-20
US4157813A
(en)
1979-06-12
IN148352B
(en)
1981-01-24
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Legal Events
Date
Code
Title
Description
1981-05-07
PS
Patent sealed [section 19, patents act 1949]
1993-08-11
PCNP
Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee
Effective date:
19921216
