GB2027979A – Bi-porous raney nickel electrode an process for its manufacture
– Google Patents
GB2027979A – Bi-porous raney nickel electrode an process for its manufacture
– Google Patents
Bi-porous raney nickel electrode an process for its manufacture
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Publication number
GB2027979A
GB2027979A
GB7928064A
GB7928064A
GB2027979A
GB 2027979 A
GB2027979 A
GB 2027979A
GB 7928064 A
GB7928064 A
GB 7928064A
GB 7928064 A
GB7928064 A
GB 7928064A
GB 2027979 A
GB2027979 A
GB 2027979A
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GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
powder
nickel
raney nickel
electrode
layer
Prior art date
1978-08-12
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
GB7928064A
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GB2027979B
(en
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Deutsche Automobil GmbH
Original Assignee
Deutsche Automobil GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
1978-08-12
Filing date
1979-08-13
Publication date
1980-02-27
1979-08-13
Application filed by Deutsche Automobil GmbH
filed
Critical
Deutsche Automobil GmbH
1980-02-27
Publication of GB2027979A
publication
Critical
patent/GB2027979A/en
1983-05-05
Application granted
granted
Critical
1983-05-05
Publication of GB2027979B
publication
Critical
patent/GB2027979B/en
Status
Expired
legal-status
Critical
Current
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229910000564
Raney nickel
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Classifications
H—ELECTRICITY
H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
H01M4/00—Electrodes
H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
H01M4/98—Raney-type electrodes
Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Description
1 GB 2 027 979 A 1
SPECIFICATION
Bi-porous raney-nickel electrodes and a process for their manufacture The invention relates to bi-porous raney-nickel elec trodes for galvanic cells and to a process for their manufacture.
Bi-porous Raney nickel electrodes are used in galvanic cells of the type in which hydrogen is consumed or evolved by electrode reactions. For this purpose, a known bi-porous electrode comprises a coarse-pored layer for transporting the hydrogen to and from the electrode and one ortwo fine-pored layers in which the electro-chernical reaction takes place. The fine-pored layer is called working layer and it contains Raney nickel as an electro-catalyst.
This basic type of bi-porous electrode has been further developed in various ways, for example by applying a cover layer to the working layer, by rendering it hydrophobic and the like; modifications of this kind are, however, not essential for the present invention.
Conventionally, the electrodes are manufactured by assembling the coarse-pored and fine-pored layers. Normally this is effected by a powder metallurgical sintering technique under pressure.
The state of the art is described in the book «Brennstoffelemente (Fuel elements)» (VDi-Verlag, DOsseldorf 1971). In this book, the polished section of a three-layer hydrogen electrode can be seen on page 49, and this is reproduced in Figure 1. The gas-carrying layer 1 is permeated by coarse pores 2 (black); the working layer 3 contains the Raney nickel catalyst 4. The electrode carries a cover layer 5 which is not essential for a comparision with the electrode according to the invention.
Moreover, symmetrical bi-porous electrodes are known, which are manufactured analogously and which contain fine-pored working layers with Raney nickel on either side of a coarse-pored central layer.
Electrodes manufactured by hot-pressing and sin tering are relatively expensive and their dimensions are limited by the pressing technology; in the book quoted, the largest cross-sectional area mentioned is X 20 CM2.
The present invention seeks to provide a bi-porous Raney nickel electrode which is inexpensive and which can also be manufactured with larger areas.
According to the invention, there is provided a bi-porous electrode having a large-pored, metallical ly conductive layer and at least one fine-pored, metallically conductive layer which contains Raney nickel, or a combination of nickel and Raney nickel and adapted to face the counter-electrode of a 120 galvanic cell, wherein the electrode comprises a framework body consisting of a pre-fabricated open cellular metallised or metallic structure which has a porosity of 82 to 97% and in which said combination of nickel and Raney nickel, or Raney nickel or the starting alloy used for the formation of Raney nickel, is incorporated by mechanical forces, and fixed and/or rendered hydrophobic, in such a way that the framework body retains, on one side or in the centre a zone which is substantially free from Raney nickof and which forms the large-pored layer of the electrode.
Thus, there is provided a zone which is substantially free from catalyst and which forms the large- pored layer, whilst the zone filled with catalyst forms the fine-pored working layer which faces the counter-electrode.
Preferably, the metallised structure comprises a nickel-plated or copper plated textile substrate, which may consist of carbon fibres or organic fibres. The invention also comprises a process for the manufacture of electrodes of this type by filling pre-fabricated metallised opencellular structures, in particular nickel-plated or copper-plated, textile sub- strates, which consist of fibres or filaments, on one side or on both sides with pulverulent catalyst or the pulverulent starting alloy, for example by vibratory filling, filtration or incorporation in the form of a paste.
Electrodes having several layers and a fibre substrate have been described in various instances-in the patent literature. Thus, German Offenleg u ngssch rift 2,500,302 shows a three-layer electrode with a carbon fibre substrate of 0.25 to 0.38 mm thickness, which is provided with a hydrophobic underlayer of graphite and a hydrophobic plastic layer containing a catalyst. German Offenlegungsschrift 2,037,795 discloses a two-layer electrode having fibrous material in one layer and having fibrous material and catalyst powder in the other layer, in which case, however, the fibre layer which is free from catalyst represents the cover layer of the electrode, facing the electrolyte, and consists of asbestos. These publications do not, however, make the subject of the invention obvious, since these are fibre substrates which at most have a low conductivity, are not metallised and consequently do not significantly contribute to current collection and to heat removal and, furthermore, in which the catalyst-free layers 1Q5 are oriented towards the side of the electrolyte and to the counter- electrode. Moreover, these electrodes must be manufactured with extraordinarily high costs from various fibre slurries.
The textile substrates preferably used in the present invention maybe nonwoven, sewn nonwoven, felts, braidings, plaits, knitted fabrics or woven fabrics. Needle-punched felts are preferred since they are inexpensive and mechanically stable. For the manufacture of the electrodes according to the invention, textile substrates are preferred which have a thickness from 1 to 6 mm and which consist of several piles or layers, in which the direction in which the fibres extend, alternates by about 90’from plyto ply. Since the fibres are crossed over, there are narrowed passage pores atthe layer boundaries and these form an obstacle to the penetration of the catalyst powder or of the powder of a starting alloy. In this way, the powder filling is restricted to the fibre ply of one outer surface or of both outer surfaces and forms from the latter one working layer or two working layers. The unfilled part forms the coarsepored gas-carrying layer. Woven central plies, with felt layers needle-punched on both sides thereof, can also form the boundary between the working layer and the gas-carrying layer.
2 GB 2 027 979 A 2 The metallisation can be effected in a known manner by electrodes and/or electrolytic processes, by chemical vapour deposition methods or by sputtering. The use of carbon felt makes direct electrolytic metallisation possible and is therefore preferred. In the case of other, non-conductive organic fibres, nickel-plating by thermal decomposition of nickel tetracarbonyl and also metallisation by an electroless route after activation are advisable.
Preferably, about 0.3 to 0.7 g of metal are applied or incorporated per CM3 of fibre substrate.
Preferably, the working layer has a porosity of 50 to 75% and the gascarrying layer has a porosity of 82 to 97%. In the electrode according to the preferred embodiments of the invention, the gas-carrying layer is not only substantially more porous than in the bi-porous electrodes hitherto known but, due to the textile character of the substrate, the pore widths vary over a substantially smaller range than in the case of sintered bodies, the porosity of which is adjusted by pore- formers. This can be seen from Figure 2 which shows a polished section of arl. electrode according to the invention. The coarsepored gas-carrying layer 1 is permeated by fibres 2; the spaces 3 inbetween the fibres serve for the gas transport. The working layer 4 contains the catalyst particles 5 in addition to the fibres 2.
A particular advantage, as compared with sintered electrodes, is not only the fact that the flow resist- ance is greatly reduced by the open fibre structure, but also the fact that, to minimise the flow resistance, the direction in which the fibres of the gas-carrying layer extend can be oriented in such a way thatthe fibres lie in general parallel to the direction of the fluid flow.
The powders used for filling are Raney nickel itself in a preserved, nonpyrophoric form or the nickel/ aluminium starting alloy which is subsequently converted to Raney nickel by activation in an alkali metal hydroxide solution. In both cases, nickel powder can be added in a proportion of up to 50% by weight. The addition provides better support for the Raney nickel, which is usually very fine, during the operation of the electrode. To improve the support, it is also possible to efffect a further nickel-plating of the electrode body, for example by immersion into a customary electroless nickel- plating bath and deposition of a small amount of nickel by an electroless route, in which case the pH value of the bath must of course be adjusted in such a way that there is virtually no attack on the Raney nickel. Under such conditions, nickel-plating can also be effected electrolytically.
Filling of the substrate with catalyst powder can be effected, for example, by vibratory filling. In such a case, the substrate is placed in a catalyst powder bed and the vibration is effected by either agitating the substrate or the powder bed or both. The powder bed may also be employed in the form of a fluidised bath. The fibrous substrate may be completely immersed in the powder bed or it may be covered unilaterally with the catalyst powder, depending on whether one side or both sides are to be filled. If two substrates are combined along one surface by suitable fastening elements and this structure is treated in the powder bed, two electrodes which are filled on one side are obtained in one working step, after subsequent separation. In addition to the duration of action, the degree of filling or the depth of penetration will depend on the particle size and the prticie size distribution of the powder mixture and on the pore size and pore distribution of the substrate. The powder which is to be filled in is therefore ground in such a way that the particle size gives the desired degree of filling or the desired depth of penetration, and this can be determined, if necessary, by a few routine tests.
For vibratory filling, it is suitable to mix the powder with a suitable fluid such as water and/or alcohol, the percentage of solid material in the mixture being suitably between 50 and 70 weight percent. The depth of penetration is greater than in the dry process, if the other parameters, such as, for example, the particle size and free pore area, are kept constant.
The process of filling by filtration exploits the obstructing action, which has been described, of the layer boundaries in multi-layer needlepunched felts. At the boundary layer, bridges consisting of several powder particles are formed and these prevent a further advance of the powder so that the layer lying above is then filled up.
When incorporating the catalyst powder in the form of a paste, a suitable liquid or solution being used as an auxiliary, particular care must be taken that the distribution is uniform overthe entire surface area. A multilayer structure of the substrate is also advantageous in this process since uniform distribution is facilitated.
Fixing, which may be necessary, of the catalyst in the pores of the substrate can be effected in accordance with the earlier German application P 28 23 042.4 of the Applicant by initial preliminary fixing with a binder, followed by electrolytic nickel-plating in a slightly acid nickel bath. As already mentioned, nickel-plating can also be carried out electroless. For fixing with a binder, the latter can advantageously be added to the suspension or slurry of powder for vibratory filling or to the paste of powder, suitably in a quantity from 0.05 to 3.0% of binder, relative to the weight of the powder. For example, polyvinyl alcohol and polyisobutylene, advantageously as 0.15.0% strength solutions, have proved to be suitable binders.
The electrode can also be provided with additives which render it hydrophobic, such as PTFE which is advantageously introduced as an emulsion. The additives which render the electrode hydrophobic can, however, also be homogeneously mixed in the form of a powder with the metal powder (Raney nickel, its alloy or, if appropriate, nickel) and the mixture can be filled in as a whole.
Even though this description preferentially deals with fibre structures, it is evident that the process can also be transferred to other substrates which have a similar open structure, such as, for example, open-cell foams.
The advantages of the electrode according to the invention are that it is easier to produce even large electrode surfaces, that the electrode structure can 3 GB 2 027 979 A 3 be readily controlled by the use of pre-fabricated structures and that the thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of the supporting framework are high, in spite of the high porosity.
The electrodes according to the invention can be used in fuel cells, secondary cells and electrolyzer cells; in general they are suitable for all applications for which Raney nickel electrodes are otherwise used.
The examples which follow describe preferred embodiments of the invention Example 1
The electrode-supporting framework consisting of a rectangular 5 mm thick needle-punched and nickel-plated carbon felt of a porosity of 88%, which consisted of five plies each with an almost parallel direction in which the fibres extended, the preferential direction of the second and fourth layer being rotated by about 90′, was introducted into a powder bed. The bed contained a mixture of 2 parts by weight of Raney nickel powder (Degussa, Type 213, particle size fraction of 0.02 mm) and 1 part by weight of nickel powder (INCO 255 type). the powder bed was electromagnetically vibrated for 10 minutes at 50 cycles per second and with an amplitude of 3 mm. The electrode was then impregnated with a solution of 0.2% by weight of polyisobutylene in light petrol and dried. Metallographic examination of the electrode showed that the two outer plies were filled with the powder mixture, but that the three internal layers had, by contrast, remained virtually free.
Example 2
A disc of 80 mm consisting of a nickel-plated 3 mm thick polyproplene felt of a porosity of 83% and having a central, close-pored, woven layer was placed into a Hchner funnel. The edge was sealed by a rubber ring. 5 g of Raney nickel (Degussa, Type 213, particle size 0. 05 mm) were suspended in 100 ml of isopropanol and transferred into the funnel. The suspension was kept in constant motion by means of an agitator. The liquid was sucked through under a differential pressure of 50 cm water gauge. Metallographic examination showed that the concentration of Raney nickel within the electrode decreased in the direction away from the side which had been charged and that the lower half of the electrode was virtuallyfree.
Example 3
A mixture was prepared from 1 part by weight of Raney nickel starting alloy (Degussa 50/50, Type 013), 1 part by weight of nickel powder ([NCO 123 type) and 1 part by weight of aqueous 4% strength solution of polyvinyl alcohol. 10 cm 3 of the pasty mass was spread into one side of a copper-plated, 3 mm thick nonwoven of polypropylene fibres and the whole dried. A polished section showed that the electrode had been filled with the powder mixture on the side down to a depth of about 1 mm.
Claims (14)
1. A bi-porous electrode having a large-pored, metallically conductive layer and at lease one finepored, metallically conductive layer which contains Raney nickel or a mixture of nickel and Raney nickel and adapted to face the counter-electrode of a galvanic cell, wherein the electrode comprises a framework body consisting of a pre-fabricated opencellular metallised or metallic structure which has a porosity of 82 to 97% and in which said mixture of nickel and Raney nickel, or Raney nickel or the starting alloy used for the formation of Raney nickel, is incorporated by mechanical forces, and fixed and/or rendered hydrophobic, in such a way that the framework body retains, on one side or in the centre, a zone which is substantially free from Raney nickel and which forms the large-pored layer of the eleGtrode.
2. A bi-porous electrode according to claim 1 wherein the metallised structure comprises a nickel- plated or copper-plated textile substrate.
3. A bi-porous electrode according to claim 2 wherein said substrate consists of carbon fibres or organic fibres.
4. A bi-porous electrode according to claim 1,2 $0 or 3 wherein a mixture of 50 to 90% by weight of Raney nickel or the starting alloy used for the formation of Raney nickel and of 10 to 50% by weight of nickel powder is incorporated in said metallised structure.
5. A bi-porous electrode according to anyone of claims 1 to 4, wherein the quantity of metal deposited on the metallised structure is 0.3 to 0.7 g/CM3.
6. A process for the manufacture of a bi-porous electrode according to any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein Raney nickel powder or a starting alloy used for the formation of Raney nickel, in the form of powder, or a mixture of this powder and nickel powder, is incorporated in a pre-fabricated framework which has a porosity of 82 to 97% and which consists of a metal lised open-cel lula r non-metallic structure in such a way that the electrode is provided, on one side or in the centre, with a zone which is substantially free from Raney nickel, and, if necessary, the incorporated powder is fixed and/or rendered hydrophobic.
7. A process according to claim 6 wherein the incorporation of the Raney nickel powder or of the powder of the starting alloy used for the formation of Raney nickel and, if appropriate, of the added nickel powder into the framework is effected by vibratory filling in the powder form, by submerged filtration from a suspension or by incorporation in the form of a paste.
8. A process according to claim 6 or7, wherein the framework used is a nickel-plated or copperplated needle-punched felt.
9. A process according to anyone of claims 6to 9 wherein a needle-punched felt is used which has two or more plies in which the preferential direction, in which the fibres extend, alternates by 90o from ply to ply.
10. A process according to anyone of claims 6to 9 wherein a needlepunched felt is used which has a central woven carrier layer having pores which are substantially smaller than those of the outer plies.
4 4
11. A process according to claim 6, wherein fixing of the incorporated powder is effected by adding or applying a binder and, if appropriate, by subsequent electrolytic or electroless nickel-plating.
12. A process according to claim 6, wherein the powder is rendered hydrophobic by adding substances, which impart hydrophobic character, to the powder or by incorporating additives, which impart hydrophobic character, into the electrode.
13. Abi-porous electrode substantially as described herein with reference to any one of the examples and as shown in figure 2 of the accompanying drawings.
14. A process for producing a bi-porous elec- trode substantially as described herein with reference to any one of the examples.
Printed for Her Majesty’s Stationery Office by Croydon Printing Company Limited, Croydon Surrey, 1980. Published bythe Patent Office, 25 Southampton Buildings, London, WC2A lAY, from which copies may be obtained.
4 z
GB7928064A
1978-08-12
1979-08-13
Bi-porous raney nickel electrode an process for its manufacture
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DE2835506A
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1978-08-12
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Biporous Raney nickel electrode and process for making same
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Bi-porous raney nickel electrode an process for its manufacture
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US4301218A
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DE2835506C2
(en)
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DE2835506A
patent/DE2835506C2/en
not_active
Expired
1979
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IT
IT49871/79A
patent/IT1149210B/en
active
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US
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patent/US4301218A/en
not_active
Expired – Lifetime
1979-08-10
FR
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patent/FR2433836A1/en
active
Granted
1979-08-13
GB
GB7928064A
patent/GB2027979B/en
not_active
Expired
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Also Published As
Publication number
Publication date
DE2835506A1
(en)
1980-02-14
FR2433836A1
(en)
1980-03-14
IT7949871D0
(en)
1979-07-26
IT1149210B
(en)
1986-12-03
GB2027979B
(en)
1983-05-05
DE2835506C2
(en)
1981-11-19
FR2433836B1
(en)
1983-06-10
US4301218A
(en)
1981-11-17
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1991-04-10
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Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee
