AU5603999A

AU5603999A – Antiviral proteins, DNA coding sequences therefor, and uses thereof
– Google Patents

AU5603999A – Antiviral proteins, DNA coding sequences therefor, and uses thereof
– Google Patents
Antiviral proteins, DNA coding sequences therefor, and uses thereof

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Publication number
AU5603999A

AU5603999A
AU56039/99A
AU5603999A
AU5603999A
AU 5603999 A
AU5603999 A
AU 5603999A
AU 56039/99 A
AU56039/99 A
AU 56039/99A
AU 5603999 A
AU5603999 A
AU 5603999A
AU 5603999 A
AU5603999 A
AU 5603999A
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Prior art keywords
antiviral
peptide
conjugate
protein
isolated
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1995-04-27
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AU56039/99A
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AU746809B2
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Michael R. Boyd
Kirk R Gustafson
James B. Mcmahon
Robert H. Shoemaker
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National Institutes of Health NIH

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United States, Represented By Secretary
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1995-04-27
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1999-10-22
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2000-01-06

1999-10-22
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1999-10-22
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patent/AU746809B2/en

2000-01-06
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patent/AU5603999A/en

2002-05-02
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2002-05-02
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patent/AU746809B2/en

2016-04-26
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Description

-1-
AUSTRALIA
PATENTS ACT 1990 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION FOR A STANDARD PATENT
ORIGINAL
a Name of Applicant/s: Actual Inventor/s: The United States of America, represented by the Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services Michael R. Boyd and Kirk R. Gustafson and Robert H. Shoemaker and James B. McMahon BALDWIN SHELSTON WATERS MARGARET STREET SYDNEY NSW 2000 ‘ANTIVIRAL PROTEINS, DNA CODING SEQUENCES THEREFOR, AND USES THEREOF’ Address for Service: Invention Title: Details of Original Application No. 56691/96 dated 26 APR 1996 The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to me/us:- File: 25765AUP01 ANTIVIRAL PROTEINS, DNA CODING SEQUENCES THEREFOR, AND USES THEREOF TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to antiviral proteins 10 (collectively referred to as cyanovirins), as well as conjugates thereof, antibodies thereto, DNA sequences encoding same, compositions comprising same, host cells transformed to produce same, compositions comprising same, and methods of using and obtaining same, especially in clinical applications, such as in antiviral therapy and prophylaxis.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a fatal disease, reported cases of which have increased dramatically within the past two decades. The virus that causes AIDS was first identified in 1983. It has been known by several names and acronyms. It is the third known T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-III), and it has the capacity to replicate within cells of the immune system, causing profound cell destruction. The AIDS virus is a retrovirus, a virus that uses reverse transcriptase during replication. This particular retrovirus has also been known as lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV), AIDS-related virus (ARV) and, presently, as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Two distinct families of HIV have been described to date, namely HIV-1 and HIV-2.
The acronym HIV is used herein to refer generically to human immunodeficiency viruses.
HIV exerts profound cytopathic effects on the CD4′ helper/inducer T-cells, thereby severely compromising the immune system. HIV infection also results in neurological deterioration and, ultimately, in death of infected individuals. Tens of millions of people are infected with HIV worldwide, and, without effective 10 therapy, most of these are doomed to die. During the long latency, the period of time from initial infection to ‘the appearance of symptoms, or death, due to AIDS, infected individuals spread the infection further, by sexual contacts, exchanges of contaminated needles during i.v. drug abuse, transfusions of blood or blood products, or maternal transfer of HIV to a fetus or newborn. Thus, there is not only an urgent need for effective therapeutic agents to inhibit the progression of HIV ‘disease in individuals already infected, but also for methods of prevention of the spread of HIV infection from infected individuals to noninfected individuals. Indeed, the World Health Organization (WHO) has assigned an urgent international priority to the search for an effective anti-HIV prophylactic virucide to help curb the further expansion of the AIDS pandemic (Balter, Science 266, 1312-1313, 1994; Merson, Science 260, 1266-1268, 1993; Taylor, J. NIH Res. 6, 26-27, 1994; Rosenberg et al., Sex. Transm. Dis. 20, 41-44, 1993; Rosenberg, Am. J.
Public Health 82, 1473-1478, 1992).
The field of viral therapeutics has developed in response to the need for agents effective against retroviruses, especially HIV. There are many ways in which an agent can exhibit anti-retroviral activity (see, DeClercq, Adv. Virus Res. 42, 1-55, 1993; DeClercq, J. Accuir. Immun. Def. Svnd. 4, 207-218, 1991; Mitsuya et al., Science 249, 1533-1544, 1990). Nucleoside derivatives, such as AZT, which inhibit the viral reverse transcriptase, are among the few clinically active agents that are currently available commercially for anti-HIV therapy. Although very useful in some patients, the 10 utility of AZT and related compounds is limited by toxicity and insufficient therapeutic indices for fully adequate therapy. Also, given more recent revelations of the dynamics of HIV infection (Coffin, Science 267, 483- 489, 1995; Cohen, Science 267, 179, 1995; Perelson et al., Science 271, 1582-1586, 1996), it is now increasingly apparent that agents acting as early as Spossible in the viral replicative cycle are needed to inhibit infection of newly produced, uninfected immune cells generated in the body in response to the virusinduced killing of infected cells. Also, it is essential to neutralize or inhibit new infectious virus produced by infected cells.
Infection of CD4’ cells by HIV-1 and related primate immunodeficiency viruses begins with interaction of the respective viral envelope glycoproteins (generically termed «gpl20») with the cell-surface receptor CD4, followed by fusion and entry (Sattentau, AIDS 2, 101-105, 1988; Koenig et al., PNAS USA 86, 2443-2447, 1989).
Productively infected, virus-producing cells express gpl20 at the cell surface; interaction of gpl20 of infected cells with CD4 on uninfected cells results in formation of dysfunctional multicellular syncytia and further spread of viral infection (Freed et al., Bull.
Inst. Pasteur 88, 73, 1990). Thus, the gpl20/CD4 interaction is a particularly attractive target for interruption of HIV infection and cytopachogenesis, either by prevention of initial virus-to-cell binding or by blockage of cell-to-cell fusion (Capon et al., Ann.
Rev. Immunol. 9, 649-678, 1991). Virus-free or «soluble» gpl20 shed from virus or from infected cells in vivo is 10 also an important therapeutic target, since it may otherwise contribute to noninfectious immunopathogenic processes throughout the body, including the central nervous system (Capon et al., 1991, supra; Lipton, Nature 367, 113-114, 1994). Much vaccine research has focused upon gpl20; however, progress has been hampered by hypervariability of the gpl20-neutralizing determinants Sand the consequent extreme strain-dependence of viral sensitivity to gpl20-directed antibodies (Berzofsky, J.
Aca. Immun. Def. Svnd. 4, 451-459, 1991). Relatively little drag discovery and development research has focused specifically upon gpl20. A notable exception is the considerable effort that has been devoted to truncated, recombinant «CD4» proteins («soluble CD4» or «sCD4»), which bind gpl20 and inhibit HIV infectivity in vitro (Capon et al., 1991, suora; Schooley et al., Ann.
Int. Med. 112, 247-253, 1990; Husson et al., J. Pediatr.
121, 627-633, 1992). However, clinical isolates, in contrast to laboratory strains of HIV, have proven highly resistant to neutralization by sCD4 (Orloff et al., AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir. 11, 335-342, 1995; Moore et al., J Virol. 66, 235-243, 1992). Initial clinical trials of sCD4 (Schooley et al., 1990, supra; Husson et al., 1992, sura), and of sCD4-coupled immunoglobulins (Langner et al., Arch. Virol. 130, 157-170, 1993), and likewise of sCD4-coupled toxins designed to bind and destroy virusexpressing cells (Davey et al., J. Infect. Dis. 170, 1180-1188, 1994; Ramachandran et al., J. Infect. Dis.
170, 1009-1013, 1994), have been disappointing. Newer gene-therapy approaches to generating sCD4 directly in vivo (Morgan et al., AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir. 10, 1507- 0 1515, 1994) will likely suffer similar frustrations.
Therefore, new antiviral agents, to be used alone or S»ini- combination with AZT and/or other available antiviral agents, are needed for effective antiviral therapy 0* 0 against AIDS. New agents, which may be used to prevent HIV infection, also are important for prophylaxis. In .both areas of need, the ideal new agents would act as •early as possible in the viral life cycle, be as virusspecific as possible attack a molecular target 00 specific to the virus but not to the infected or infectibie animal host), render the intact virus noninfectious, prevent the death or dysfunction of virusinfected mammalian cells, prevent further production of virus from infected cells, prevent spread of virus infection to uninfected mammalian cells, be highly potent and active against the broadest possible range of strains and isolates of HIV, be resistant to degradation under physiological and rigorous environmental conditions, and be readily and inexpensively produced on a large-scale.
The present invention seeks to provide antiviral proteins and conjugates thereof, which possess at least some of the aforementioned particularly advantageous attributes, as well as compositions comprising same and methods of making and using same. These and other objects of the present invention, as well as additional inventive features, will become apparent from the description provided herein.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides antiviral agents, in particular antiviral proteins (collectively referred to 10 as cyanovirins) and conjugates thereof. The present invention also provides methods of obtaining a cyanovirin arid a conjugate thereof, nucleic acid molecules encoding cyanovirins and conjugates thereof, host cells containing the aforementioned nucleic acid molecules, a method of using a cyanovirin to target an effector molecule to a virus, and a method of obtaining a substantially pure S»cyanovirin or a conjugate thereof. The cyanovirin, conjugate thereof, and host cells transformed to produce S. a cyanovirin or conjugate thereof can be used in a 00 composition, such as a pharmaceutical composition, which can additionally comprise one or more other antiviral agents. The present invention also provides for the use of cyanovirins, conjugates thereof, host cells transformed to produce a cyanovirin or conjugate thereof, and compositions thereof, alone or in combination with other antiviral agents, in the therapeutic and/or prophylactic treatment of an animal, such as a human, infected or at risk for infection with a virus and in the treatment of inanimate objects, such as medical and laboratory equipment and supplies, as well as suspensions or solutions, such as blood and blood products and -7tissues, to prevent viral infection of an animal, such as a human. The present invention further provides methods of therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of an animal, such as a human, infected or at risk of infection with a virus, comprising the administration or application of one or more cyanovirin(s), conjugate(s), host cell(s) transformed to produce a cyanovirin or conjugate thereof.
According to a first aspect, the present invention provides an isolated and purified antiviral peptide comprising at least nine contiguous amino acids of the amino acid S* sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
9. According to a second aspect, the present invention provides an isolated and 9 purified antiviral protein conjugate or an isolated and purified antiviral peptide conjugate comprising at least nine contiguous amino acids of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID 9* NO:2, wherein said antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate is coupled to an effector molecule, a virus, a viral envelope glycoprotein, polyethylene glycol, albumin, dextran, a solid support matrix, or a combination of any of the foregoing.
15 According to a third aspect, the present invention provides an isolated and purified nucleic acid molecule which encodes the peptide, protein conjugate or peptide conjugate of the first or second aspect.
According to a fourth aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antiviral effective amount of the peptide, protein conjugate or peptide conjugate of the first or second aspect and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor and, optionally, further comprising an immunostimulant.
According to a fifth aspect, the present invention provides a vector which comprises the nucleic acid molecule of the third aspect.
7a According to a sixth aspect, the present invention provides a host cell comprising the vector of the fifth aspect.
According to a seventh aspect, the present invention provides an antibody binding the peptide, the protein in the protein conjugate or the peptide in the peptide conjugate of the first or second aspect.
According to an eighth aspect, the present invention provides the use of the peptide, the protein conjugate or the peptide conjugate of the first or second aspect for the manufacture of a medicament for preventing or treating a viral infection of an animal.
According to a ninth aspect, the present invention provides the use of a nucleic acid molecule of the third aspect for the manufacture of a medicament for transforming in vivo host cells to express an antiviral peptide or antiviral peptide conjugate encoded by said nucleic acid molecule in vivo.
According to a tenth aspect, the present invention provides a method of producing 15 a peptide, a protein conjugate or a peptide conjugate, which method comprises 5S expressing a peptide, a protein conjugate or a peptide conjugate in the host cell of the sixth aspect.
According to an eleventh aspect, the present invention provides a method of preventing the spread of viral infection comprising treating an inanimate object, solution, suspension, emulsion or other material with an antiviral effective amount of the peptide, the protein conjugate or the peptide conjugate of the first or second aspect.
According to a twelfth aspect, the present invention provides a method of preventing the spread of viral infection comprising treating ex vivo blood, a blood product, sperm, cells, a tissue or an organ with an antiviral effective amount of the -7bpeptide, the protein conjugate or the peptide conjugate of the first or second aspect.
According to a thirteenth aspect, the present invention provides a method of preventing or treating a viral infection of an animal, which method comprises administering to an animal an antiviral effective amount of the antiviral peptide, antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate of the first or second aspect.
According to a fourteenth aspect, the present invention provides a method of preventing or treating a viral infection of an animal, which method comprises transforming in vivo host cells with the nucleic acid molecule of the third aspect to express an antiviral peptide, antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate 10 encoded by said nucleic acid molecule in vivo.
According to a fifteenth aspect, the present invention provides a method of preventing or treating a viral infection of an animal, which method comprises transforming host cells with the nucleic acid molecule of the third aspect and placing said transformed host cells into or onto said animal so as to express an antiviral peptide, 15 antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate encoded by said nucleic acid molecule.
According to a sixteenth aspect, the present invention provides a method of contacting a virus with an antiviral agent, which method comprises contacting said virus with an antiviral effective amount of an isolated and purified antiviral protein, an isolated and purified antiviral peptide, an isolated and purified antiviral protein conjugate or an isolated and purified antiviral peptide conjugate, wherein said antiviral protein, antiviral peptide, antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate comprises at least nine contiguous amino acids of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
i~l~lZ~ 7c According to a seventeenth aspect, the present invention provides a method of contacting a virus with an antiviral agent, which method comprises contacting said virus with an antiviral effective amount of the antiviral peptide, antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate of the first or second aspect.
According to an eighteenth aspect, the present invention provides a method of conjugating a virus or a viral envelope glycoprotein with a cyanovirin, which method comprises contacting said isolated and purified virus or said isolated and purified viral envelope glycoprotein with an isolated and purified antiviral protein or an isolated and purified antiviral peptide, wherein said protein or peptide comprises at least nine o* 10 contiguous amino acids of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein, upon contacting said isolated and purified virus or said isolated and purified viral envelope glycoprotein with said protein or said peptide, said protein or said peptide binds to said isolated and purified virus or said isolated and purified viral envelope glycoprotein, thereby forming a conjugate.
15 According to a ninteenth aspect, the present invention provides a method of administering an antiviral agent to an animal, which method comprises administering to said animal an antiviral effective amount of the peptide, the protein conjugate or the peptide conjugate of the first or second aspect or a conjugate prepared in accordance with the eighteenth aspect.
According to a twentieth aspect, the present invention provides a method of removing virus from a sample, which method comprises: contacting said sample with a composition comprising an isolated and purified antiviral protein, an isolated and purified antiviral peptide, an isolated and 7dpurified antiviral protein conjugate or an isolated and purified antiviral peptide conjugate, wherein said antiviral protein or antiviral peptide comprises at least nine contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2, (ii) said antiviral protein, antiviral peptide, antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate is attached to a solid support matrix, and (iii) said at least nine contiguous amino acids bind to said virus, and separating said sample and said composition, whereupon virus is removed from said sample.
According to a twenty-first aspect, the present invention provides a method of 9* removing virus from a sample, which method comprises: 10 contacting said sample with a composition comprising the antiviral peptide, the antiviral protein conjugate or the antiviral peptide conjugate of the first or second aspect, and 9* separating said sample and said composition, whereupon virus is removed from said sample.
15 According to a twenty-second aspect, the present invention provides a method of preventing or treating a viral infection of an animal, which method comprises topically administering to a host an antiviral effective amount of a formulation comprising an isolated and purified antiviral protein, an isolated and purified antiviral peptide, an isolated and purified antiviral protein conjugate or an isolated and purified antiviral peptide conjugate, wherein said antiviral protein, antiviral peptide, antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate comprises at least nine contiguous amino acids of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
1 7e According to a twenty-third aspect, the present invention provides a topical formulation comprising an isolated and purified antiviral agent selected from the group consisting of an isolated and purified antiviral protein, an isolated and purified antiviral peptide, an isolated and purified antiviral protein conjugate or an isolated and purified antiviral peptide conjugate, wherein said protein, peptide, protein conjugate or peptide conjugate comprises at least nine contiguous amino acids of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
According to a twenty-fourth aspect, the present invention provides a method of preventing or treating a viral infection of an animal, which method comprises 10 administering to the animal an antiviral effective amount of a virus that has been destroyed or rendered noninfectious by contact with an antiviral effective amount of an isolated and purified antiviral protein, an isolated and purified antiviral peptide, an isolated and purified antiviral protein conjugate or an isolated and purified antiviral peptide conjugate, wherein said antiviral protein, antiviral peptide, antiviral protein !5 conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate comprises at least nine contiguous amino acids of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
According to a twenty-fifth aspect, the present invention provides the use of host cells transformed with the nucleic acid molecule of the first or second aspect for the manufacture of a medicament for preventing or treating a viral infection of a mammal wherein said medicament is placed into or onto said animal so as to express an antiviral peptide, antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate encoded by said nucleic acid molecule.
1 7f- According to a twenty-sixth aspect, the present invention provides the use of a formulation comprising an isolated and purified antiviral protein, an isolated and purified antiviral peptide, an isolated and purified antiviral protein conjugate or an isolated and purified antiviral peptide conjugate, wherein said antiviral protein, antiviral peptide, antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate comprises at least nine contiguous amino acids of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, for the manufacture of a medicament for preventing or treating a viral infection of an animal wherein the medicament is administered topically.
.According to a twenty-seventh aspect, the present invention provides the use of a 10 virus that has been destroyed or rendered non-infectious by contact with an antiviral effective amount of an isolated and purified antiviral protein, an isolated and purified antiviral peptide, an isolated and purified antiviral protein conjugate or an isolated and purified antiviral peptide conjugate, wherein said antiviral protein, antiviral peptide, antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate comprises at least nine contiguous amino acids of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, for the manufacture of a medicament for preventing or treating a viral infection of an animal.
*o Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words ‘comprise’, ‘comprising’, and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of «including, but not limited to».
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1A is a graph of OD (206 nm) versus time (min), which represents an HPLC chromatogram of nonreduced cyanovirin-N.
7g- Figure 1B is a bar-graph of maximum dilution for 50% protection versus HPLC fraction, which illustrates the maximum dilution of each HPLC fraction that provided protection from the cytopathic effects of HIV infection for the nonreduced cyanovirin-N HPLC fractions.
Figure 1C is an SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretogram of nonreduced cyanovirin-N HPLC fractions.
Figure 1D is a graph of OD (206 nm) versus time (min), which represents an HPLC chromatogram of reduced cyanovirin-N.
Figure 1E is a bar graph of maximum dilution for 50% protection versus HPLC t* 10 dilution, which illustrates the maximum dilution of each fraction that provided protection from the cytopathic effects of HIV infection for the reduced cyanovirin-N HPLC fractions.
1~ Figure IF is an SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretogram of reduced cyanovirin-N HPLC fractions.
Figure 2 shows an example of a DNA sequence encoding a synthetic cyanovirin gene.
Figure 3 illustrates a site-directed mutagenesis maneuver used to eliminate codons for a FLAG octapeptide and a Hind III restriction site from the sequence of Figure 2.
10 Figure 4 shows a typical HPLC chromatogram from the 99 o purification of recombinant native cyanovirin-N.
Figure 5A is a graph of k control versus cyanovirin- N concentration which illustrates the antiviral activity of native cyanovirin-N from Nostoc ellipsosporum.
Figure 5B is a graph of control versus cyanovirin- N concentration which illustrates the antiviral activity of recombinant cyanovirin-N.
Figure SC is a graph of control versus cyanovirin- N concentration which illustrates the antiviral activity of recombinant FLAG-cyanovirin-N.
Figure 6A is a graph of control versus cyanovirin- N concentration which depicts the relative numbers of viable CEM-SS cells infected with HIV-1 in a BCECF assay.
Figure 6B is a.graph of control versus cyanovirin- N.concentration which depicts the relative DNA contents of CEM-SS cell cultures infected with HIV-1.
Figure 6C is a graph of control versus cyanovirin- N concentration which depicts the relative numbers of viable CEM-SS cells infected with HIV-1 in an XTT assay.
Figure 6D is a graph of control versus cyanovirin- N concentration which depicts the effect of a range of concentrations of cyanovirin-N upon indices of infectious virus or viral replication.
Figure 7 is a graph of uninfected control versus time-of-addition which shows the results of delayed-addition studies of cyanovirin-N, showing anti- HIV activity in CEM-SS cells infected with HIV-.1 Figure 8A is a graph of OD (450 nm) versus 9 cyanovirin-N concentration (tg/ml), which illustrates cyanovirin/gpl20 interactions defining gpl20 as a S* principal molecular target of 15 cyanovirins.
Figure 8B is a dot-blot of the binding of cyanovirin-N and a gpl20-HRP conjugate, which shows that cyanovirin-N specifically bound a horseradish peroxidase conjugate of gpl20 (gpl20-HRP) in a concentration- S 20 dependent manner.
Figure 9 schematically illustrates a DNA coding sequence comprising a FLAG-cyanovirin-N coding sequence coupled to a Pseudomonas exotoxin coding sequence.
Figure 10 is a graph of OD (450 nM) versus PPE concentration which illustrates selective killing of viral gpl20-expressing (H9/IIIB) cells by a FLAGcyanovirin-N/Pseudomonas exotoxin protein conjugate
(PPE).
Figure 11 is a western-blot from an SDSpolyacrylamide gel elctrophoretogram of lysed COS-7 cells which had been engineered and transformed to express a FLAG-cyanovirin-N; detection was by an anti-FLAG antibody.
Figure 12 is a western-blot from an SDSpolyacrylamide gel electrophoretogram of secreted products, digested with peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-pglucosaminyl) asparagine amidase, from Pichia pastoris engineered and transformed to produce a cyanovirin; detection was by an anti-cyanovirin-N polyclonal antibody.
10 Figure 13 is an SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretogram and a western-blot from a whole-cell lysate from E. coli engineered to produce cyanovirin-N; detection was by an anti-cyanovirin-N polyclonal antibody.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention is predicated, at least in part, on the observation that certain extracts from
S
cultured cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) exhibited S 20 antivira activity in an anti-HIV screen. The anti-HIV screen was conceived in 1986 (by M.R. Boyd of the National Institutes of Health) and has been developed and operated at the U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI) since 1988 (see Boyd, in AIDS, Etiolo~y. Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention, DeVita et al., eds., Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1988, pp. 305-317).
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) were specifically chosen for anti-HIV screening because they had been known to produce a wide variety of structurally unique and biologically active non-nitrogenous and amino acidderived natural products (Faulkner, Nat. Prod. Rec. 11, 355-394, 1994; Glombitza et al., in Alcal and Cvanobacterial Biotechnoloyv, Cresswell, et al.
eds., 1989, pp. 211-218). These photosynthetic procaryotic organisms are significant producers of cyclic and linear peptides (molecular weight generally <3 kDa), which often exhibit hepatotoxic or antimicrobial properties (Okino et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 34, 501-504, 1993; Krishnamurthy et al., PNAS USA 86, 770-774, 1989; Sivonen et al., Chem. Res. Toxicol. 5, 464-469, 1992; 10 Carter et al., J. Orq. Chem. 49, 236-241, 1984; Frankmolle et al., J. Antibiot. 45, 1451-1457, 1992). Sequencing studies of higher molecular weight cyanobacterial proteins have generally focused on those associated with primary metabolic processes or ones that 15 can serve as phylogenetic markers (Suter et al., FEBS Lett. 217, 279-282, 1987; Rumbeli et al., FEBS Lett. 221, 1-2, 1987; Swanson et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267, 16146- 16154, 1992; Michalowski et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 2186, 1990; Sherman et al., in The Cvanobacteria, Fay et al., eds. Elsevier: New York, 1987, pp. 1-33; Rogers, in o. The Cvanobacteria, Fay et al., eds., Elsevier: New York, 1987, pp. 35-67). In general, proteins with antiviral properties have not been associated with cyanobacterial sources. The cyanobacterial extract leading to the present invention was among many thousands of different extracts initially selected randomly and tested blindly in the anti-HIV screen described above. A number of these extracts had been determined preliminarily to show anti- HIV activity in the NCI screen (Patterson et al., J. Phvcol. 29, 125-130, 1993). From this group, an aqueous 1 Ts 12 extract from Nostoc ellipsosporum, which had been prepared as described (Patterson, 1993, suDra) and which showed an unusually high anti-HIV potency and in vitro "therapeutic index" in the NCI primary screen, was selected for detailed investigation. A specific bioassay-guided strategy was used to isolate and purify a homogenous protein highly active against HIV. In the bioassay-guided strategy, initial selection of the extract for fractionation, as well as the 10 decisions concerning the overall chemical isolation method to be applied, and the nature of the individual stips therein, were determined by interpretation of biological testing data. The anti-HIV screening assay (see, Boyd, 1988, supra; Weislow et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 81, 577-586, 1989), which was used to guide the isolation and purification process, measures the degree of protection of human T-lymphoblastoid cells from the cytopathic effects of HIV. Fractions of the extract of interest are prepared using a variety of chemical means anda re tested blindly in the primary screen. Active fractions are separated further, and the resulting subfractions are likewise tested blindly in the screen. This process is repeated as many times as necessary in order to obtain the active compound(s), antiviral fraction(s) representing pure compound(s), which then can be subjected to detailed chemical analysis and structural elucidation. Using this strategy, aqueous extracts of Nostoc ellipsosporum were discovered to contain an antiviral protein. It should be noted that the term "protein" as used herein to describe the present invention is not 13 restricted to an amino acid sequence of any particular length and includes molecules comprising 100 or more amino acids, as well as molecules comprising less than 100 amino acids (which are sometimes referred to as "peptides"). The present invention accordingly provides an isolated and purified antiviral protein from Nostoc ellipsosporum, specifically an isolated and purified antiviral protein known as cyanovirin-N. The present invention also provides other cyanovirins. The term S" "cyanovirin" is used herein to generically refer to a *o native antiviral protein isolated from Nostoc ellipsosporum ("native cyanovirin") and any functionally equivalent protein or derivative thereof. In the context of the present invention, such a functionally equivalent protein or derivative thereof (a) contains a sequence of at least nine (preferably at least twenty, more preferably at least thirty, and most preferably at least fifty) amino acids directly 20 homologous with (preferably the same as) any subsequence of nine contiguous amino acids contained within a native cyanovirin (especially cyanovirin-N), and is antiviral, in particular capable of specifically binding to a virus, more specifically a primate immunodeficiency virus, more specifically HIV-1, HIV-2, or SIV, or to an infected host cell expressing one or more viral antigen(s), more specifically an envelope glycoprotein, such as gpl20, of the respective virus. In addition, such a functionally equivalent protein or derivative thereof can comprise the amino acid sequence of a native cvanovirin, particularly cyanovirin-N (see SEQ ID NO:2), in which 1-20, preferably 1-10, more preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and most preferably 1 or 2, amino acids have been removed from one or both ends, preferably from only one end, and most preferably from the amino-terminal end, of the native cyanovirin. The present inventive cyanovirin preferably comprises an amino acid sequence that is substantially homologous to that of an antiviral protein from Nostoc ellipsosporum, specifically a native cyanovirin, 10 particularly cyanovirin-N. In the context of the cyanovirins of the present invention, the term "shbstantially homologous" means sufficient homology to render the cyanovirin antiviral, preferably with antiviral activity characteristic of an antiviral protein 15 isolated from Nostoc ellipsosporum. There preferably exists at least about 50% homology, more preferably at least about 75% homology, and most preferably at least :about 90% homology. Thus, the present invention provides an isolated and 20 purified protein encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding sequence for a cyanovirin, such as particularly an isolated and purified protein encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, a nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO:3, a nucleic acid molecule encoding an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, or a nucleic acid molecule encoding an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4. The present invention further provides a cyanovirin conjugate, which comprises a cyanovirin coupled to one or more selected effector molecule(s), such as a toxin or immunological reagent. The term "immunological reagent" is used herein to refer to an antibody, an immunoglobulin, and an immunological recognition element. An immunological recognition elemen: is an element, such as a peptide, the FLAG sequence of the recombinant cyanovirin-FLAG fusion protein, which facilitates, through immunological recognition, isolation and/or purification and/or analysis of the protein to which it is attached. A cyanovirin fusion protein is a type of cyanovirin conjugate, wherein a cyanovirin is coupled to 10 one or more other protein(s) having any desired properties or effector functions, such as cytotoxic or immunological properties, or other desired properties, such as to facilitate isolation, purification, or analysis of the fusion protein. 15 The present invention also provides a method of obtaining a cyanovirin from Nostoc ellipsosporum. The present inventive method comprises identifying an extract of Nostoc ellipsosporum containing antiviral activity, optionally removing high molecular weight 20 biopolymers from the extract, antiviral bioassayguided fractionating the extract to obtain a partially purified extract of cyanovirin, and further purifying the partially purified extract by reverse-phase HPLC to obtain a cyanovirin (see Example The method preferably involves the use of ethanol to remove high molecular weight biopolymers from the extract and the use of an anti-EIV bioassay to guide fractionation of the extract. The cyanovirin isolated and purified in accordance with the present inventive method, such as cyanovirin-N can be subjected to conventional procedures I typically used to determine the amino acid sequence of a given pure protein. Thus, the cyanovirin can be sequenced by N-terminal Edman degradation of intact protein and overlapping peptide fragments generated by endoproteinase digestion. Amino acid analysis desirably will be in agreement with the deduced sequence. Similarly, ESI mass spectrometry of reduced, HPLCpurified cyanovirin-N desirably will show a molecular ion value consistent with the calculated value. 10 These studies indicated that cyanovirin-N from S* Nostoc ellipsosporum comprises a unique sequence of 101 amino acids having little or no significant homology to previously described proteins or transcription products of known nucleotide sequences. No more than eicht contiguous amino acids from cyanovirin are found in any amino acid sequences from known proteins, nor are there any known proteins from any source containing greater than 13% sequence homology with cyanovirin-N. Given the chemically deduced amino acid sequence of cyanovirin-N, a 20 corresponding recombinant cyanovirin-N (r-cyanovirin-N, or r-CV-N) was created and used to definitively establish that the deduced amino acid sequence is, indeed, active against viruses, such as HIV (see'Examples The present invention further provides an isolated and purified nucleic acid molecule and synthetic nucleic acid molecule, which comprises a coding sequence for a cyanovirin (particularly a native cyanovirin, especially cyanovirin-N). Such a nucleic acid molecule includes an isolated and purified nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, an isolated and purified nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO:3, an isolated and purified nucleic acid molecule encoding an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, an isolated and purified nucleic acid molecule encoding an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4, and a nucleic acid molecule that is substantially homologous to any one or more of the aforementioned nucleic acid molecules. In the context of the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, the term "substantially homologous" means sufficient homology to render the protein encoded by the nucleic acid 10 molecule antiviral, preferably with antiviral activity characteristic of an antiviral protein isolated from Nostoc ellipsosporum. There preferably exists at least about 50% homology, more preferably at least about homology, and most preferably at least about 15 homology. The present inventive nucleic acid molecule desirably comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least nine (preferably at least twenty, more preferably at least thirty, and most preferably at least fifty) 20 contiguous amino acids of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2. The present inventive nucleic acid molecule also desirably comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of a native cyanovirin, particularly cyanovirin-N, in which 1-20, preferably 1-10, more preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and most preferably 1 or 2, amino acids have been removed from one or both ends, preferably from only one end, and most preferably from the amino-terminal end, of the native cyanovirin. Given the present disclosure, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that a partial cyanovirin-N gene codon sequence will likely suffice to code for a fully functional, antiviral, such as anti-HIV, cyanovirin. A minimum essential DNA coding sequence(s) for a functional cyanovirin can readily be determined by one skilled in the art, for example, by synthesis and evaluation of sub-sequences comprising the native cyanovirin, and by site-directed mutagenesis studies of the cyanovirin-N DNA coding sequence. Using an appropriate DNA coding sequence, a 10 recombinant cyanovirin can be made by genetic engineering techniques (see, for general background,. Nicholl, i- An Introduction to Genetic Enaineerinc, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1994, pp. 1-5 127-130; Steinberg et al., in Recombinant DNA Technolocv Concepts S 15 and Biomedical ADplications, Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1993, pp. 81-124 150-162; Sofer in Introduction to Genetic Engineering, Butterworth- Heinemann, Stoneham, MA, 1991, pp. 1-21 103-126; Old et al., in Principles of Gene Manipulation, Blackwell 20 Scientific Publishers: London, 1992, pp. 1-13 108-221; Emtage, in Delivery Systems for Pentide Drugs, Davis et al., eds., Plenum Press: New York, 1986, pp. 23-33). For example, a Nostoc ellipsosporum gene or cDNA encoding a cyanovirin can be identified and subcloned. The gene or cDNA can then be incorporated into an appropriate expression vector and delivered into an appropriate protein-synthesizing organism E. coli, S. cerevisiae, P. pastoris, or other bacterial, yeast, insect, or mammalian cell), where the gene, under the control of an endogenous or exogenous promoter, can be appropriately transcribed and translated. Such expression vectors (including, but not limited to, phage, cosmid, viral, and plasmid vectors) are known to those skilled in the art, as are reagents and techniques appropriate for gene transfer transfection, electroporation, transduction, micro-injection, transformation, etc.). Subsequently, the recombinantly produced protein can be isolated and purified using standard techniques known in the art chromatography, centrifugation, differential solubility, 10 isoelectric focusing, etc.), and assayed for antiviral S. activity. S Alternatively, a native cyanovirin can be obtained from Nostoc ellipsosporum by non-recombinant methods (see, Example 1 and foregoing discussion) and 15 sequenced by conventional techniques. The sequence can then be used to synthesize the corresponding DNA, which can be subcloned into an appropriate expression vector and delivered into a protein-producing cell for en mass recombinant production of the desired protein. 20 In ts regard, the present invention also provides a vector comprising the present inventive nucleic acid molecule, a DNA sequence such as a Nostoc ellipsosporum gene sequence for cyanovirin, a cDNA encoding a cyanovirin, or a synthetic DNA sequence encoding a cyanovirin. The present invention also provides a host cell comprising present inventive nucleic acid molecule or vector, as well as a method of using such a host cell to produce a cyanovirin. The DNA, whether isolated and purified or synthetic, or cDNA encoding a cyanovirin can encode for either the entire cyanovirin or a portion thereof (desirably an ~EEX antivirally active portion thereof). Where the DNA or cDNA does not comprise the entire coding sequence of the native cyanovirin, the DNA or cDNA can be subcloned as part of a gene fusion. In a transcriptional gene fusion, the DNA or cDNA will contain its own control sequence directing appropriate production of protein ribosome binding site, translation initiation codon, etc.), and the transcriptional control sequences promoter elements and/or enhancers) will be provided by 10 the vector. In a translational gene fusion, transcriptional control sequences as well as at least o some of the translational control secuences the translational initiation codon) will be provided by the vector. In the case of a translational gene fusion, a '15 chimeric protein will be produced. Genes also can be constructed for specific fusion proteins containing a functional cyanovirin component plus a fusion component conferring additional desired attribute(s) to the composite protein. For example, a 20 fusion sequence for a toxin or immunological reagent, as defined above, can be added to facilitate purification and analysis of the functional protein such as the FLAG-cyancvirin-N fusion protein described in Examples 2- Genes can be specifically constructed to code for fusion proteins, which contain a cyanovirin coupled to an effector protein, such as a toxin or immunological reagent, for specific targeting to viral-infected, e.g., HIV and/or HIV-infected, cells. In these instances, the cyanovirin moiety serves not only as a neutralizing agent but also as a targeting agent to direct the effector I~ activities of these molecules selectively against a given virus, such as HIV. Thus, for example, a therapeutic agent can be obtained by combining the HIV-targeting function of a functional cyanovirin with a toxin aimed at neutralizing infectious virus and/or by destroying cells producing infectious virus, such as HIV. Similarly, a therapeutic agent can be obtained, which combines the viral-targeting function of a cyanovirin with the multivalency and effector functions of various 10 immunoglobulin subclasses. Example 6 further illustrates the viral-targeting, specifically prbperties of a cyanovirin. Similar rationales underlie extensive developmental therapeutic efforts exploiting the HIV 15 properties of sCD4. For example, sCD4-toxin conjugates have been prepared in which sCD4 is coupled to a Pseudomonas exotoxin component (Chaudhary et al., in The Human Retrovirus, Gallo et al., eds., Academic Press: San Diego, 1991, pp. 379-387; Chaudhary et al., Nature 335, 20 369-372, i988), a diphtheria toxin component (Aullo et al., EMBO J. 11, 575-583, 1992), or a ricin A-chain component (Till et al., Science 242, 1166-1167, 1988). Likewise, sCD4-immunoglobulin conjugates have been prepared in attempts to decrease the rate of in vivo clearance of functional sCD4 activity, to enhance placental transfer, and to effect a targeted recruitment of immunological mechanisms of pathogen elimination, such as phagocytic engulfment and killing by antibodydependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, to kill and/or remove HIV-infected cells and virus (Capon et al., Nature 337, 525-531, 1989; Traunecker et al., Nature 339, 68-70, i_ 1989; Langner et al., 1993, supra). While such CD4immunoglobulin conjugates (sometimes called "immunoadhesins") have, indeed, shown advantageous pharmacokinetic and distributional attributes in vivo, and anti-HIV effects in vitro, clinical results have been discouraging (Schooley et al., 1990, supra; Husson et al., 1992, suora; Langner et al., 1993, supra). This is not surprising since clinical isolates of HIV, as opposed to laboratory strains, are highly resistant to binding and neutralization by sCD4 (Orloff et al., 1995, supra; Moore et al., 1992, surra). Therefore, the extraordinarily broad antiviral activity and targeting properties of a functional cyanovirin to viruses, e.g., primate retroviruses, in general, and clinical and 15 laboratory strains, in particular (see, Example 7), are especially advantageous for combining with toxins, immunoglobulins, and other selected effector proteins. Viral-targeted conjugates can be prepared either by genetic engineering techniques (see, for example, 20 Chaudhary-et al., 1988, suora) or by chemical coupling of the targeting component with an effector component. The most feasible or appropriate technique to be used to construct a given cyanovirin conjugate or fusion protein will be selected based upon consideration of the characteristics of the particular effector molecule selected for coupling to a cyanovirin. For example, with a selected non-proteinaceous effector molecule, chemical coupling, rather than genetic engineering techniques, represents the most feasible option for creating the desired cyanovirin conjugate. The present invention accordingly provides nucleic acid molecules encoding cyanovirin fusion proteins, in addition to the cyanovirin fusion proteins themselves. In particular, the present invention provides a nucleic acid molecule comprising SEQ ID NO:3 and substantially homologous sequences thereof. The present invention also provides a vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a cyanovirin fusion protein and a method of obtaining a cyanovirin fusion protein by expression of 10 the vector encoding a cyanovirin fusion protein in a protein-synthesizing organism as described above. oo* The present invention further provides an isolated and purified nucleic acid molecule comprising a first nucleic acid sequence which encodes a protein of the 15 present invention, a cyanovirin coding sequence such as one of the aforementioned nucleic acids of the present invention, coupled to a second nucleic acid encoding an effector protein, such as a toxin or immunological reagent as described above. The present 20 invention also further provides an isolated and purified protein encoded by such a nucleic acid molecule. The coupled molecule (conjugate) desirably targets a virus, more preferably HIV, and most preferably glycoprotein gpl20. The coupling can be effected at the DNA level or by chemical coupling as described above. For example, a cyanovirin-effector protein conjugate of the present invention can be obtained by selecting a desired effector protein, synthesizing a composite DNA coding sequence comprising a first DNA coding sequence comprising one of the aforementioned nucleic acid sequences, which codes for a functional cyanovirin, coupled to a second DNA coding sequence for an effector protein, a toxin or immunological reagent, (c) expressing the composite DNA coding sequence in an appropriate protein-synthesizing organism, and (d) purifying the desired fusion protein to substantially pure form. Alternatively, a cyanovirin-effector molecule conjugate of the present invention can be obtained by (a) selecting a desired effector molecule and a cyanovirin or cyanovirin fusion protein, chemically coupling the 10 cyanovirin or cyanovirin fusion protein to the effector S*".molecule, and isolating the desired cyanovirineffector molecule conjugate in substantially pure form. Conjugates containing a functional cyanovirin coupled to a desired effector component, such as a toxin, 15 immunological reagent, or other functional reagent, can *e* be designed even more specifically to exploit the unique properties of a cyanovirin, in accord with the following observations. 0 Example 6 reveals novel gp120-directed effects of a 20 cyanoviri-. Additional insights can be gained from solid-phase ELISA experiments (Boyd et al., 1996, unpublished). For example, both C-terminal epitope-specific capture or CD4-receptor capture of when detected either with polyclonal HIV-1-Ig or with mouse MAb to the immunodominant, third hypervariable (V3) epitope (Matsushita et al., J. Virol. 62, 2107-2114, 1988), can be shown to be strikingly inhibited by cyanovirin-N. Generally, engagement of the CD4 receptor does not interfere with antibody recognition of the V3 epitope, and vice versa (Moore et al., AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir. 4, 369-379, 1988; Matsushita et al., 1988, r- suDra). However, cyanovirin-N apparently is capable of more global conformational effects on gpl20, as can be demonstrated by loss of immunoreactivity at multiple, distinct, non-overlapping epitopes. The range of antiviral activity (Boyd et al., 1996, suora) of cyanovirin-N against diverse CD4'-tropic immunodeficiency virus strains in various target cells is remarkable; diverse strains of HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV can be shown to be similarly sensitive to cyanovirin; 10 clinical isolates and laboratory strains typically will show essentially equivalent sensitivity (for further illustration, see Example Cocultivation of chronically infected and uninfected CEM-SS cells with cyanovirin-N will show that the protein will not inhibit 15 viral replication, but will cause a concentrationdependent inhibition of cell-to-cell fusion and virus transmission; similar results from binding and fusion inhibition assays employing HeLa-CD4-LTR-b-galactosidase cells can be shown consistent with cyanovirin-N 20 inhibitio 7of virus-cell and/or cell-cell binding (Boyd, et al., 1996, supra). Example 8, illustrates the construction of a conjugate DNA coding sequence and expression thereof to provide a cyanovirin-toxin conjugate that selectively targets and kills HIV-infected cells. The antiviral, anti-HIV, activity of the cyanovirins and conjugates thereof of the present invention can be further demonstrated in a series of interrelated in vicro antiviral assays (Gulakowski et al., J. Virol. Methods 33, 87-100, 1991), which reasonably predict antiviral activity in humans. These Z L0 assays measure the ability of compounds to prevent the replication of HIV and/or the cytopathic effects of HIV on human target cells. These measurements directly correlate with the pathogenesis of HIV-induced disease in vivo. The results of the analysis of the antiviral activity of cyanovirins or conjugates, as set forth in Example 5 and as illustrated in Figures 8, 9 and predict antiviral activity of these products in vivo in humans and, therefore, further establish the utility of 10 the present invention. Also, since the present invention provides methods of ex vivo use of cyanovirins and con-jugates see results set forth in Example 5, and in Figures 6 and the cyanovirins and conjugates thereof have even a broader utility. 15 The present inventive cyanovirins and conjugates thereof can be shown to inhibit a virus, specifically a retrovirus, such as the human immunodeficiency virus, HIV-1 or HIV-2. The cyanovirins and conjugates of the present invention can be used to inhibit other 20 retrovirues as well as other viruses. Examples of viruses that can be treated in accordance with the present invention include, but are not limited to, Type C and Type D retroviruses, HTLV-1, HTLV-2, HIV, FLV, SIV, MLV, BLV, BIV, equine infectious virus, anemia virus, avian sarcoma viruses, such as Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), hepatitis type A, B, non-A and non-B viruses, arboviruses, varicella viruses, measles, mumps and rubella viruses. Cyanovirins and conjugates thereof comprise proteins and, as such, are particularly susceptible to hydrolysis of amide bonds catalyzed by peptidases) and fdisruption of essential disulfide bonds or formation of inactivating or unwanted disulfide linkages (Carone et al., J. Lab. Clin. Med. 100, 1-14, 1982). There are various ways to alter molecular structure, if necessary, to provide enhanced stability to the cyanovirin or conjugate thereof (Wunsch, Biopolymers 22, 493-505, 1983; Samanen, in Polymeric Materials in Medication, Gebelein et al., eds., Plenum Press: New York, 1985, pp. 227-242), which, in some circumstances, may be essential for 10 preparation and use of pharmaceutical compositions containing cyanovirins or conjugates thereof for therapeutic or prophylactic applications against viruses, HIV. Possible options for useful chemical modifications of a cyanovirin or conjugate thereof 15 include, but are not limited to, the following (adapted from Samanen, 1985, supra): olefin substitution, carbonyl reduction, D-amino acid substitution, N a-methyl substitution, C a-methyl substitution, C a-C'-methylene insertion, dehydro 20 amino acid insertion, retro-inverso modification, (i) N-terminal to C-terminal cyclization, and (j) thiomethylene modification. Cyanovirins and conjugates thereof also can be modified by covalent attachment of carbohydrate and polyoxyethylene derivatives, which are expected to enhance stability and resistance to proteolysis (Abuchowski et al., in Enzymes as Drugs, Holcenberg et al., eds., John Wiley: New York, 1981, pp. 367-378). Other important general considerations for design of delivery systems and compositions, and for routes of administration, for protein drugs, such as cyanovirins and conjugates thereof (Eppstein, CRC Crit. Rev. Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems 5, 99-139, 1988; Siddiqui et al., CRC Crit. Rev. Therapeutic Drua Carrier Systems 3, 195-208, 1987); Banga et al., Int. J. Pharmaceutics 48, 15-50, 1988; Sanders, Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinetics 15, 95-102, 1990; Verhoef, Eur. J. Dru'-Metab. Pharmacokinetics 15, 83-93, 1990), also apply. The appropriate delivery system for a given 10 cyanovirin or conjugate thereof will depend upon its particular nature, the particular clinical application, and the site of drug action. As with any protein drug, oral delivery of a cyanovirin or a conjugate thereof will likely present special problems, due primarily to 15 instability in the gastrointestinal tract and poor absorption and bioavailability of intact, bioactive drug therefrom. Therefore, especially in the case of oral delivery, but also possibly in conjunction with other routes of delivery, it will be necessary to use an 20 absorptio: enhancing agent in combination with a given cyanovirin or conjugate thereof. A wide variety of absorption-enhancing agents have been investigated and/or applied in combination with protein drugs for oral delivery and for delivery by other routes (Verhoef, 1990, suora; van Hoogdalem, Pharmac. Ther. 44, 407-443, 1989; Davis, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 44 (Suppl. 186-190, 1992). Most commonly, typical enhancers fall into the general categories of chelators, such as EDTA, salicylates, and N-acyl derivatives of collagen, surfactants, such as lauryl sulfate and polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, (c) bile salts, such as glycholate and taurocholate, and liPi~~ derivatives, such as taurodihydrofusidate, fatty acids, such as oleic acid and capric acid, and their derivatives, such as acylcarnitines, monoglycerides, and diglycerides, non-surfactants, such as unsaturated cyclic ureas, saponins, cyclodextrins, and (h) phospholipids. Other approaches to enhancing oral delivery of protein drugs, such as the cyanovirins and conjugates thereof of the present invention, can include the 10 aforementioned chemical modifications to enhance stability to gastrointestinal enzymes and/or increased lipophilicity. Alternatively, the protein drug can be administered in combination with other drugs or substances which directly inhibit proteases and/or other 15 potential sources of enzymatic degradation of proteins. Yet another alternative approach to prevent or delay gastrointestinal absorption of protein drugs, such as cyanovirins or conjugates, is to incorporate them into a delivery system that is designed to protect the protein 20 from conti&t with the proteolytic enzymes in the intestinal lumen and to release the intact protein only upon reaching an area favorable for its absorption. A more specific example of this strategy is the use of biodegradable microcapsules or microspheres, both to protect vulnerable drugs from degradation, as well as to effect a prolonged release of active drug (Deasy, in Microencamsulation and Related Processes, Swarbrick, ed., Marcell Dekker, Inc.: New York, 1984, pp. 1-60, 88-89, 208-211). Microcapsules also can provide a useful way to effect a prolonged delivery of a protein drug, such as a F F cyanovirin or conjugate thereof, after injection (Maulding, J. Controlled Release 6, 167-176, 1987) Given the aforementioned potential complexities of successful oral delivery of a protein drug, it is preferred in many situations that the present inventive cyanovirins and conjugates thereof be delivered by one of the numerous other potential routes of delivery of a protein drug. These routes include intravenous, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracisternal, buccal, 10 rectal, nasal, pulmonary, transdermal, vaginal, ocular, and the like (Eppstein, 1988, supra; Siddiqui et al., 1987, suDra; Banga et al., 1988, supra; Sanders, 1990, supra; Verhoef, 1990, suDra; Barry, in Delivery Systems for Peptide Drugs, Davis et al., eds., Plenum Press: New 15 York, 1986, pp. 265-275; Patton et al., Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 8, 179-196, 1992). With any of these routes, or, indeed, with any other route of administration or application, a protein drug, such as a cyanovirin or conjugate thereof, may initiate an 20 immunogeni reaction. In such situations it may be S" necessary to modify the molecule in order to mask immunogenic groups. It also can be possible to protect against undesired immune responses by judicious choice of method of formulation and/or administration. For example, site-specific delivery can be employed, as well as masking of recognition sites from the immune system by use or attachment of a so-called tolerogen, such as polyethylene glycol, dextran, albumin, and the like (Abuchowski et al., 1981, supra; Abuchowski et al., J! Biol. Chem. 252, 3578-3581, 1977; Lisi et al., J. ADol. Biochem. 4, 19-33, 1982; Wileman et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 38, 264-271, 1986). Such modifications also can have advantageous effects on stability and half-life both in vivo and ex vivo. Other strategies to avoid untoward immune reactions also can include the induction of tolerance by administration initially of only low doses. In any event, it will be apparent from the present disclosure to one skilled in the art that for any particular desired medical application or use of a cyanovirin or conjugate thereof, the skilled artisan can 10 select from any of a wide variety of possible compositions, routes of administration, or sites of application, whatever is advantageous. Accordingly, the antiviral cyanovirins and conjugates thereof of the present invention can be 15 formulated into various compositions for use either in therapeutic treatment methods for virally, HIV, infected individuals, or in orophylactic methods against viral, HIV, infection of uninfected individuals Thus, the present invention provides a composition -1* 20 comprising the present inventive cyanovirin or cyanovirin conjugate, especially a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antiviral effective amount of an isolated and purified cyanovirin or cyanovirin conjugate and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Instead of, or in addition to, the aforementioned isolated and purified cyanovirin or cyanovirin conjugate, the composition can comprise viable host cells transformed to directly express a cyanovirin or conjugate thereof in vivo. The composition further can comprise an antiviral effective amount of at least one additional antiviral compound other than a cyanovirin or conjugate thereof. Suitable antiviral compounds include AZT, ddl, ddC, gancyclovir, fluorinated dideoxynucleosides, nevirapine, R82913, Ro 31-8959, BI-RJ-70, acyclovir, a-interferon, recombinant sCD4, michellamines, calanolides, nonoxynol-9, gossypol and derivatives thereof, and gramicidin. The cyanovirin used in the pharmaceutical composition can be isolated and purified from naturally occurring organisms or from genetically engineered organisms. Similarly, cyanovirin conjugates can be derived from genetically engineered 10 organisms or from chemical coupling. The present inventive compositions can be used to treat a virally infected animal, such as a human. The compositions of the present invention are particularly useful for inhibiting the growth or replication of a 15 virus, such as a retrovirus, in particular a human immunodeficiency virus, specifically HIV-1 and HIV-2. The compositions are useful in the therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of animals, such as humans, who are infected with a virus or who are at risk for viral 0* 20 infection~ respectively. The compositions also can be used to treat objects or materials, such as medical equipment, supplies, or fluids, including biological fluids, such as blood, blood products, and tissues, to prevent viral infection of an animal, such as a human. Such compositions also are useful to prevent sexual transmission of viral infections, HIV, which is the primary way in which the world's AIDS cases are contracted (Merson, 1993, suora). Potential virucides used or being considered for application against sexual transmission of HIV are very limited; present agents in this category include, for example, nonoxynol-9 (Bird, AIDS 5, 791-796, 1991), gossypol and derivatives (Polsky et Contraception 39, 579-587, 1989; Lin, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33, 2149-2151, 1989; Royer, Pharmacol. Res. 24, 407-412, 1991), and gramicidin (Bourinbair, Life Sci./Pharmacol. Lett. 54, PLS-9, 1994; Bourinbair- et Contracention 49, 131-137, 1994). In- a novel approach to anti-i.IV prophylaxis currenzly being initiated under the auspices of the U.S. National Istitute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) as conveyed by Painter, USA Today, *..*February 13, 1996), the vaginal sup-pository instillation oft live cultures of lactobacilli is being evaluated in a 900-woman study. This study is based especially upon observations of anti-HIV effects of certain H O.-producing lactobacilli in vitro see published abstract by Ililier, from NIAID-sponsored Conference on "Advances in AIDS Vaccine Development", Bethesda, MD, February 11-15, 1996). Lactobacilli readily populate the vagina, and indeed ar-.a predominant bacterial population in most healthy women (Redondo-Lopez et Rev. infect. Dnis. 12, 856-872, 1990; Reid et al., Clin. Microbol. Rev. 3, 335-344, 1990; Bruce and Rei.d, Can. J. Microbiol. 34, 339-343, 1988;reu et al., J. Infect. Dis. 171, 1237-1243, 1995; Hilier et al., Clin. Infect. Dis. lISSuppl 4), S273-S281; Agnew et al., Sex. Transm. Dis. 22, 269-273, 1995). Lactobacilli are also prominent, nonipathogenic inhabitants of other body cavities such as the mouth, nasop'narynx, upper and lower gastroincestinal tracts, and rectum. It is well-established that lactobacilli can be readily transformed using available genetic engineering techniques to incorporate a desired foreign DNA coding sequence, and that such lactobacilli can be made to express a corresponding desired foreign protein (see, Hols et al., ADvl. and Environ. Microbiol. 1401-1413, 1994). Therefore, within the context of the present disclosure, it will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that viable host cells containing a DNA sequence or vector of the present invention, and expressing a protein of the present invention, can be used directly as the delivery vehicle for a cyanovirin or conjugate thereof to the desired site(s) in vivo. Preferred host cells for such delivery of cyanovirins or 215 conjugates thereof directly to desired site(s), such as, for example, to a selected body cavity, can comprise bacteria. More specifically, such host cells can comprise suitably engineered strain(s) of lactobacilli, enterococci, or other common bacteria, such as E. coli, 20 normal strains of which are known to commonly populate body cavities. More specifically yet, such host cells can comprise one or more selected nonpathogenic strains of lactobacilli, such as those described by Andreu et al. (1995, suvra), especially those having high adherence properties to epithelial cells, such as, for example, adherence to vaginal epithelial cells, and suitably transformed using the DNA sequences of the present invention. As reviewed by McGroarty (FEMS Immuno!. Med. Microbiol. 6, 251-264, 1993) the "probiotic" or direct therapeutic application of live bacteria, particularly bacteria that occur normally in nature, more particularly lactobacilli, for treatment or prophylaxis against pathogenic bacterial or yeast infections of the urogenital tract, in particular the female urogenital tract, is a well-established concept. Recently, the use of a conventional probiotic strategy, in particular the use of live lactobacilli, to inhibit sexual transmission of HIV has been suggested, based specifically upon the normal, endogenous production of virucidal levels of H 2 0 2 10 and/or lactic acid and/or other potentially virucidal substances by certain normal strains of lactobacilli Hilier, 1996, supra). However, the present inventive use of non-mammalian cells, particularly bacteria, more particularly lactobacilli, specifically o. 15 engineered with a foreign gene, more specifically a cyanovirin gene, to. express an antiviral substance, more specifically a protein, and even more specifically a cyanovirin, is heretofore unprecedented as a method of treatment of an animal, specifically a human, to prevent 20 infection'-y a virus, specifically a retrovirus, more specifically HIV-1 or HIV-2. Elmer et al. (JAMA 275, 870-876, 1996) have recently speculated that "genetic engineering offers the possibility of using microbes to deliver specific actions or products to the colon or other mucosal surfaces other fertile areas for future study include defining the mechanisms of action of various biotherapeutic agents with the possibility of applying genetic engineering to enhance activities." Elmer et al. (1996, suora) further point out that the terms "probiotic" and "biotherapeutic agent" have been used in the literature to describe _iil_ microorganisms that have antagonistic activity toward pathogens in vivo; those authors more specifically prefer the term "biotherapeutic agent" to denote "microorganisms having specific therapeutic properties. In view of the present disclosure, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention teaches an entirely novel type of "probiotic" or "biotherapeutic" treatment using specifically engineered strains of microorganisms provided herein which do not 10 occur in nature. Nonetheless, available teachings concerning selection of optimal microbial strains, in particular bacterial strains, for conventional probiotic D a or biotherapeutic applications can be employed in the context of the present invention. For example, selection 15 of optimal lactobacillus strains for genetic engineering, transformation, direct expression of cyanovirins or e* conjugates thereof, and direct probiotic or biotherapeutic applications, to treat or prevent HIV infection, can be based upon the same or similar 20 criteria,7such as those described by Elmer et al. (1996, sura), typically used to select normal, endogenous or "nonengineered" bacterial strains for conventional probiotic or biotherapeutic therapy. Furthermore, the recommendations and characteristics taught by McGroarty, particularly for selection of optimal lactobacillus strains for conventional probiotic use against female urogenital infections, are pertinent to the present invention: lactobacilli chosen for incorporation into probiotic preparations should be easy and, if possible, inexpensive to cultivate strains should be stable, retain viability following freeze-drying and, of course, be non-pathogenic to the host it is essential that lactobacilli chosen for use in probiotic preparations should adhere well to the vaginal epithelium ideally, artificially implanted lactobacilli should adhere to the vaginal epithelium, integrate with the indigenous microorganisms present, and proliferate" (McGroarty, 1993 supra). While McGroarty's teachings specifically address selections of "normal" lactobacillus ;strains for probiotic uses against pathogenic bacterial a S 10 or yeast infections of the female urogenital tract, similar considerations will apply to the selection of optimal bacterial strains for genetic engineering and "probiotic" or "biotherapeutic" application against viral •infections as particularly encompassed by the present o S 15 invention. Accordingly, the method of the present invention for the prevention of sexual transmission of viral infection, HIV infection, comprises vaginal, rectal, oral, a penile, or other topical, insertional, or instillational S" 20 treatment with an antiviral effective amount of a cyanovirin and/or cyanovirin conjugate, and/or viable host cells transformed to express a cyanovirin or conjugate thereof, alone or in combination with another antiviral compound as described above). The inventive compositions herein for use in the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment methods of the present invention can comprise one or more cyanovirin(s), conjugate(s) thereof, or host cell(s) transformed to express a cyanovirin or conjugate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well-known to those skilled in the art, as are suitable methods of administration. The choice of carrier will be determined in part by the particular cyanovirin, or conjugate thereof, or host cell(s) as well as by the particular method used to administer the composition. One skilled in the art will appreciate that various routes of administering a drug are available, and, although more than one route may be used to administer a •articular drug, a particular route may provide a more 10 immediate and more effective response than by another route. Furthermore, one skilled in the art will apreciate that the particular pharmaceutical carrier employed will depend, in part, upon the particular cyanovirin, conjugate thereof, or host cell employed, and 15 the chosen route of. administration. Accordingly, there is a wide variety of suitable formulations of the o9.o composition of the present invention. Formulations suitable for oral, rectal, or vaginal administration can consist of, for example, liquid 20 solutions or suspensions, suci as an effective amount of the pure compound(s), and/or host cell(s) engineered to produce directly a cyanovirin or conjugate thereof, dissolved or suspended in diluents, such as water, culture medium, or saline, capsules, suppositories, sachets, tablets, lozenges, or pastilles, each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient(s), as solids, granules, or freeze-dried cells, and oil-inwater emulsions or water-in-oil emulsions. Tablet forms can include one or more of lactose, mannitol, corn starch, potato starch, microcrystalline cellulose, acacia, gelatin, colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarrnellose sodium, talc, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and other excipients, colorants, diluents, buffering agents, moistening agents, preservatives, flavoring agents, and pharmacologically compatible carriers. Lozenges can comprise the active ingredient in a flavor, for example sucrose and acacia or tragacanth, while pastilles can comprise the active ingredient in an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia. Suitable formulations for oral or rectal delivery also can be incorporated into synthetic and natural polymeric microspheres, or other means to protect the- agents of the present invention from degradation within the gastrointestinal tract (see, for example, Wallace et al., Science 260, 912-915, 1993). Formulations for rectal or vaginal administration can be presented as a suppository with a suitable aqueous or nonagueous base; the latter can comprise, for example, cocoa butter or a salicylate. Furthermore, formulations **suitable for vaginal administration can be presented as pessaries, suppositories, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams, or spray formulas containing, in addition to the active ingredient, such as, for example, freeze-dried lactobacilli genetically engineered to directly produce a cyanovirin or conjugate thereof of the present invention, such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate. Similarly, the active ingredient can be combined with a lubricant as a coating on a condom. The cyanovirins, conjugates thereof, or host cells expressing cyanovirins or conjugates thereof, alone or in combination with other antiviral compounds, can be made into aerosol formulations to be administered via inhalation. These aerosol formulations can be placed into pressurized acceptable propellants, such as dichlorodifluoromethane, propane, nitrogen and the like. The cyanovirins or conjugates thereof, alone or in combinations with other antiviral compounds or absorption modulators, can be made into suitable formulations for dermal application and absorption (Wallace et al., 1993, suDra). Transdermal electroporation or iontophoresis also can be used to promote and/or control the systemic 10 delivery of the compounds and/or compositions of the present invention through the skin (see, Theiss et al-, Meth. Find. Exo. Clin. Pharmacol. 13, 353-359, 1991). Formulations suitable for topical administration include creams, emulsions, gels, and the like. containing, in addition to the active ingredient, such carriers as are known in the art, as well as mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier. Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aiqeous and nonaqueous, isotonic sterile injection solutions, which can contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes that render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, and aqueous and nonaqueous sterile suspensions that can include suspending agents, solubilizers, thickening agents, stabilizers, and preservatives. The formulations can be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, such as ampules and vials, and can be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example, water, for injections, immediately I _r prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions can be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets of the kind previously described. Formulations comprising a cyanovirin or cyanovirin conjugate suitable for virucidal against HIV) sterilization of inanimate objects, such as medical supplies or equipment, laboratory equipment and supplies, instruments, devices, and the like, can be, for example, selected or adapted as appropriate, by one skilled in the 10 art, from any of the aforementioned compositions or formulations. The cyanovirin or conjugate thereof can be produced by recombinant DNA technology or by chemical coupling of a cyanovirin with an effector molecule as a described above. Preferably, the cyanovirin, or conjugate thereof, is produced by recombinant DNA technology. Similarly, formulations of cyanovirins and/or conjugates thereof, suitable for ex vivo virucidal sterilization of blood, blood products, sperm, or other bodily products or Stissues, or any other solution, suspension, emulsion, or any other-iaterial which can be administered to a patient in a medical procedure, can be selected or adapted as appropriate by one skilled in the art, from any of the aforementioned compositions or formulations. However, suitable formulations for such ex vivo applications or for virucidal treatment of inanimate objects are by no means limited to any of the aforementioned formulations or compositions. One skilled in the art will appreciate that a suitable or appropriate formulation can be selected, adapted, or developed based upon the particular application at hand. For ex vivo uses, such as virucidal treatments of inanimate objects or materials, blood or blood products, or tissues, the amount of cyanovirin, or conjugate or composition thereof, to be employed should be sufficient that any virus or virus-producing cells present will be rendered noninfectious or will be destroyed. For example, for HIV, this would require that the virus and/or the virus-producing cells be exposed to concentrations of cyanovirin-N in the range of 0.1-1000 nM. Similar considerations apply to in vivo applications. Therefore, the phrase "antiviral effective amdunt" or "virucidal effective amount" is used generally to describe the amount of a particular cyanovirin, conjugate thereof, or composition thereof required for antiviral efficacy in any given application. For in vivo uses, the dose of a cyanovirin, conjugate thereof, host cells producing a cyanovirin or conjugate thereof, or composition thereof, administered to an animal, particularly a human, in the context of the present iiiention should be sufficient to effect a prophylactic and/or therapeutic response in the individual over a reasonable time-frame. The dose used to achieve a desired virucidal concentration in vivo 0.1-1000 nM) will be determined by the potency of the particular cyanovirin or conjugate thereof, or of the cyanovirin and/or conjugate production of the host cells employed, the severity of the disease state of infected individuals, as well as, in the case of systemic administration, the body weight and age of the infected individual. The effective or virucidal dose also will be determined by the existence of any adverse side-effects that may accompany the administration of the particular cyanovirin, conjugate thereof, host cells producing a cyanovirin or conjugate thereof, or composition thereof, employed. It is always desirable, whenever possible, to keep adverse side effects to a minimum. The dosage can be in unit dosage form, such as a tablet or capsule. The term "unit dosage form" as used herein refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human and animal subjects, each unit 10 containing a predetermined quantity of a cyanovirin, conjugate thereof, or amount of host cells producing a cyanovirin or conjugate thereof, alone or in combination with other antiviral agents, calculated in a quantity 5 sufficient to produce the desired effect in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent,- or .vehicle. The specifications for the unit dosage forms of the present invention depend on the particular cyanovirin, conjugate, host cells, or composition thereof employed, and the effect to be achieved, as well as the pharmacodynamics associated with each cyanovirin, conjugate, host cells, or composition thereof in the treated animal. The dose administered should be an "anitiviral effective amount" or "virucidal effective amount" or an amount necessary to achieve an "effective virucidal level" in the individual animal, the human patient. Since the "effective virucidal level" is used as the preferred endpoint for dosing, the actual dose and schedule can vary, depending upon interindividual differences in pharmacokinetics, drug distribution, and metabolism. The "effective virucidal level" can be defined, for example, as the blood or tissue level 0.1-1000 nM) desired in the patient that corresponds to a concentration of one or more cyanovirins or conjugates thereof, which inhibits a virus, such as HIV-1 and/or HIV-2, in an assay known to predict for clinical antiviral activity of chemical compounds and biological agents. The "effective virucidal level" for agents of the present invention also can vary when the cyanovirin, 10 conjugate, or composition thereof, is used in combination with AZT or other known antiviral compounds or combinations thereof. One skilled in the art can easily determine the appropriate dose, schedule, and method of administration 4 for the exact formulation of the composition being used, in order to achieve the desired "effective virucidal level" in the individual patient. One skilled in the art also can readily determine and use an appropriate indicator of the "effector concentration" of the p compounds of the present invention by a direct analytical chemical analysis) or indirect with surrogate indicators such as p24 or RT) analysis of appropriate patient samples blood and/or tissues). In the treatment of some virally infected individuals, it may be desirable to utilize a "megadosing" regimen, wherein a large dose of a selected cyanovirin or conjugate thereof is administered, and time thereafter is allowed for the drug to act, and then a suitable reagent is administered to the individual to inactivate the drug. The pharmaceutical composition can contain other pharmaceuticals, in conjunction with the cyanovirin, conjugate thereof, or host cells producing a cyanovirin or conjugate thereof, when used to therapeutically treat a viral infection, such as that which causes AIDS. Representative examples of these additional pharmaceuticals include antiviral compounds, virucides, immunomodulators, immunostimulants, antibiotics, and absorption enhancers. Exemplary antiviral compounds 10 include AZT, ddl, ddC, gancylclovir, fluorinated dideoxynucleosides, nonnucleoside analog compounds, such as-.nevirapine (Shih et al., PNAS 88, 9878-9882, 1991), TIBO derivatives, such as R82913 (White et al., Antiviral Res. 16, 257-266, 1991), BI-RJ-70 (Merigan, Am. J. Med. 90 (Suppl.4A), 8S-17S, 1991), michellamines (Boyd et al., J. Med. Chem. 37, 1740-1745, 1994), and calanolides (Kashman et al., J. Med. Chem. 35, 2735-2743, 1992), nonoxynol-9, gossypol and derivatives, and gramicidin (Bourinbair et al., 1994, suDra). Exemplary immunomoddlators and immunostimulants include various interleukins, sCD4, cytokines, antibody preparations, blood transfusions, and cell transfusions. Exemplary antibiotics include antifungal agents, antibacterial agents, and anti-Pneumocystitis carnii agents. Exemplary absorption enhancers include bile salts and other surfactants, saponins, cyclodextrins, and phospholipids (Davis, 1992, suDra). The administration of a cyanovirin or conjugate thereof with other antiretroviral agents and particularly with known RT inhibitors, such as ddC, AZT, ddI, ddA, or other inhibitors that act against other HIV proteins, 46 such as anti-TAT agents, is expected to inhibit most or all replicative stages of the viral life cycle. The dosages of ddC and AZT used in AIDS or ARC patients have been published. A virustatic range of ddC is generally between 0.05 pM to 1.0 gM. A range of about 0.005-0.25 mg/kg body weight is virustatic in most patients. The preliminary dose ranges for oral administration are somewhat broader, for example 0.001 to 0.25 mg/kg given in one or more doses at intervals of 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, etc. 10 hours. Currently, 0.01 mg/kg body weight ddC given every 8 hrs, is preferred. When given in combined therapy, the other antiviral compound, for example, can be given at the same time as the cyanovirin, or conjugate thereof, or the dosing can be staggered as desired. The different drugs also can be combined in a composition. Doses of each can be less when used in combination than when either is used alone. It also will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that a DNA sequence of a cyanovirin or conjugate thereof of the present invention can be inserted ex vivo into mammalian cells previously removed from a given animal, in particular a human. Such transformed autologous or homologous host cells, reintroduced into the animal or human, will express directly the corresponding cyanovirin or conjugate in vivo. The feasibility of such a therapeutic strategy to deliver a therapeutic amount of an agent in close proximity to the desired target cells and pathogens to the virus, more particularly to the retrovirus, specifically to HIV and its envelope glycoprotein gpl20), has been demonstrated in studies with cells engineered ex vivo to 47 express sCD4 (Morgan et al., 1994, supra). As an alternative to ex vivo insertion of the DNA sequences of the present invention, such sequences can be inserted into cells directly in vivo, such as by use of an appropriate viral or other suitable vector. Such cells transfected in vivo may be expected to produce antiviral amounts of cyanovirin or conjugate thereof directly in vivo. Example 9 illustrates the transformation and expression of a cyanovirin by a mammalian cell. 10 Given the present disclosure, it will be .o *9D* additionally appreciated that a DNA sequence coreresponding to a cyanovirin or conjugate thereof can be inserted into suitable nonmammalian host cells, and that 99• such host cells will express therapeutic or prophylactic amounts of a cyanovirin or conjugate thereof directly in vivo within a desired body compartment of an animal, in particular a human. Example 3 illustrates the transformation and expression of effective virucidal amounts of a cyanovirin in a non-mammalian cell, more specificalry a bacterial cell. Example 10 illustrates the transformation and expression of a cyanovirin in a non-mammalian cell, specifically a yeast cell. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a method of female-controllable prophylaxis against HIV infection comprises the intravaginal administration and/or establishment of, in a female human, a persistent intravaginal population of lactobacilli that have been transformed with a coding sequence of the present invention to produce, over a prolonged time, effective virucidal levels of a cyanovirin or conjugate thereof, directly on or within the vaginal and/or cervical and/or 48 uterine mucosa. It is noteworthy that both the World Health Organization (WHO) as well as the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, have pointed to the need for development of female-controlled topical microbicides, suitable for blocking the transmission of HIV, as an urgent global priority (Lange et al. Lancet 341, 1350', 1993; Fauci, NIAID News, April 27, 1995). The present invention also provides antibodies directed to the proteins of the present invention. The availability of antibodies to any given protein is highly advantageous, as it provides the basis for a wide variety of qualitative and quantitative analytical methods, separation and purification methods, and other useful applications directed to the subject proteins. Accordingly, given the present disclosure and the proteins of the present invention, it will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that antibodies, in 9. .9particular antibodies specifically binding to a protein of the pre-sent invention, can be prepared using wellestablished methodologies such as the methodologies described in detail by Harlow and Lane, in Antibodies. A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, 1988, pp. 1-725). Such antibodies can comprise both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, such antibodies can be obtained and employe d either in solution-phase or coupled to a desired solid-phase matrix. Having in hand such antibodies as provided by the present invention, one skilled in the art will further appreciate that such antibodies, in conjunction with well -established 49 procedures such as described by Harlow and Lane (1988, sura) comprise useful methods for the detection, quantification, or purification of a cyanovirin, conjugate thereof, or host cell transformed to produce a cyanovirin or conjugate thereof. Example 11 further illustrates an antibody specifically binding a cyanovirin. The present inventive nucleic acid sequences, "cyanovirins, conjugates, host cells, antibodies, compositions, and methods are further described in the context of the following examples. These examples serve to'-illustrate further the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Example 1 This example details the anti-HIV bioassay-guided isolation and elucidation of pure cyanovirin from aqueous extracts of the cultured cyanobacterium, Nostoc ellipsosporum. The method described in Weislow et al. (1989, sur) was used to monitor and direct the isolation and purification process. Cyanobacterial culture conditions, media, and classification were as described previously (Patterson, J. Phycol. 27, 530-536, 1991). Briefly, the cellular mass from a unialgal strain of Nostoc ellipsosporum (culture Q68D170) was harvested by filtration, freeze-dried, and Weisow etd with MeOH-CH(1989, supra)C1 (was:) folowed by Hand. Bioassay indicated that only the purifi0 extract contained HIV-inhibitory activity. A solution of the aqueous extract (30 mg/ml) was treated by addition of an equal volume of ethanol (EtOH). The resulting 1:1 solution was kept at -20°C for 15 hrs. Then, the solution was centrifuged to remove precipitated materials (presumably, high molecular weight biopolymers). The resulting HIV-inhibitory supernatant was evaporated, fractionated by reverse-phase vacuum-liquid chromatography (Coll et al., J. Nat. Prod. 49, 934-936, 1986; Pelletier et al., J. Nat. Prod. 49, 892-900, 1986) on wide-pore C, packing (300A, BakerBond WP-C 4 and eluted with increasing concentrations of methanol (MeOH) in H,0. Anti-HIV activity was concentrated in the material eluted with MeOH-H 2 0 SDS-PAGE analysis of this fraction showed one main protein band, with a relative molecular mass (Mr) of approximately 10 kDa. Final purification was achieved by repeated reverse-phase HPLC on 1.9 x 15 cm iBondapak C, 8 (Waters Associates) columns eluted with a gradient of increasing concentration of acetonitrile in H,0. The mobile phase contained 0.05% TFA, pH=2. Eluted proteins were detected by UV absorption at 206, 280, and 294 nm with a V. rapid spectral detector (Pharmacia LKB model 2140). Individual fractions were collected, pooled based on the UV chromatogram, and lyophilized. Pooled HPLC fractions were subjected to SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions (Laemmli, Nature 227, 680-685, 1970), conventional amino acid analysis, and testing for anti-HIV activity. Figure 1A is a graph of OD (206 nm) versus time (min), which shows the 4Bondapak HPLC chromatogram of nonreduced cyanovirin eluted with a linear CHCN/H.0 gradient (buffered with 0.05% TFA) from 28-38% CHCN. Figure ID is a graph of OD (206 nm) versus time (min), which shows the chromatogram of cyanovirin that was first reduced with P-mercaptoethanol and then separated under identical HPLC conditions. HPLC fractions from the two runs were collected as indicated. 10% aliquots of each fraction were lyophilized, made up in 100 Ll 3:1 H 2 0/DMSO, and assessed for anti-HIV activity in the XTT assay. Figure 1B is a bar graph of maximum dilution for protection versus HPLC fraction, which illustrates the maximum dilution of each fraction that provided 10 protection from the cytopathic effects of HIV infection for the nonreduced cyanovirin HPLC fractions. Corresponding anti-HIV results for the HPLC fractions from reduced cyanovirin are shown in Figure IE, which is a bar graph of maximum dilution for 50% protection versus HPLC fraction. 20% aliquots of selected HPLC fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The results from the nonreduced HPLC fractions are shown in Figure IC, and those from the reduced HPLC fractions are shown in Figure F. In tHe initial HPLC separation, using a linear gradient from 30-50% CHCN, the anti-HIV activity coeluted with the principal UV-absorbing peak at approximately 33% CHCN. Fractions corresponding to the active peak were pooled and split into two aliquots. Reinjection of the first aliquot under similar HPLC conditions, but with a linear gradient from 28-38% CSHCN, resolved the active material into two closely eluting peaks at 33.4 and 34.0% CHCN. The anti-HIV activity profile of the fractions collected during this HPLC run (as shown in Figure IB) corresponded with the two UV peaks (as shown in Figure IA). SDS-PAGE of fractions collected under the individual peaks showed only a single protein band (as shown in Figure IC). The second aliquot from the original HPLC separation was reduced with P-mercaptoethanol prior to reinjection on the HPLC. Using an identical 28-38; gradient, the reduced material gave one principal peak (as shown in Figure iD) that eluted later in the run with 36.8% CH 3 CN. o Only a trace of anti-HIV activity was detected in the a S 10 HPLC fractions from the reduced material (as shown in a. Figure The two closely eluting HPLC peaks of the nonreduced material (Figure IA) gave only one identical band on SDS- O •PAGE (run under reducing conditions) (Figure IC), and reduction with P-mercaptoethanol resulted in an HPLC peak with a longer retention time than either of the nonreduced peaks (Figure IF) This indicated that disulfides were present in the native protein. Amino 0* acid analysis of the two active peaks showed they had virtually'identical compositions. It is possible that the two HPLC peaks resulted from cis/trans isomerism about a proline residue or from microheterogeneity in the protein sample that was not detected in either the amino acid analysis or during sequencing. The material collected as the two HIV-inhibitory peaks was combined for further analyses and was given the name cyanovirin-N. Example 2 This example illustrates the synthesis of cyanovirin genes. The chemically deduced amino acid sequence of cyanovirin-N was back-translated to obtain a DNA coding sequence. In order to facilitate initial production and purification of recombinant cyanovirin-N, a commercial expression vector (pFLAG-1, from International Biotechnologies, Inc., New Haven, CT), for which reagents were available for affinity purification and detection, was selected. Appropriate restriction sites for ligation to pFLAG-1, and a stop codon, were included in the DNA 10 sequence. Figure 2 is an example of a DNA sequence encoding a synthetic cyanovirin gene. This DNA sequence design couples the cyanovirin-N coding region to codons for a "FLAG" octapeptide at the N-terminal end of cyanovirin, providing for production of a FLAG-cyanovirin S 15 fusion protein. e.ae. A flowchart for synthesis of this DNA sequence is as follows: 6 00 Design DNA Coding Sequence 327 bp Drop Dialysis Against Distilled f Water/Quantitation Synthesize OligonucJleotjde El ements Purification of Oligos 9. .9 9* .9 9 99** 9* 9 .9 9 9* Dy10 nmole of Each Oigo in Speedvac I [Heat for 20 min at 65 0 C to inactivate the Kinase Pool Oligos and Boil for min Resuspend in T4 DNA Ligase1 Buffer Treat with T4 Polynucleotide Kinase for 2 hrs at 37 0 C Anneal for 20 min at 70 0 C Cool on Ice Dissolve in Distilled Water 9 9. 9. 99 9* Add T4 DNA Ligase and Additional Buffer and Incubate at 16 0 C Overnight [Phenol:Chloroform Extract/EtOH Precipitate Run Low-Melting Agarose Gel Excise 327 bp Band Preparative PCR Recover/Purif~y DisSclve DNA The DNA sequence was synthesized as 13 overlapping, complementary oligonucleotides and assembled to form the double-stranded coding sequence. Oligonucleotide elements of the synthetic DNA coding sequence were synthesized using a dual-column nucleic acid synthesizer (Model 392, Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City, CA). Completed oligonucleotides were cleaved from the columns and deprotected by incubation overnight at 56 0 C in concentrated ammonium hydroxide. Prior to treatment with 10 T4 polynucleotide kinase, 33-66 mers were drop-dialyzed against distilled water. The 13 oligonucleotide preparations were individually purified by HPLC, and nmole quantities of each were ligated with T4 DNA ligase into a 327 bp double-stranded DNA sequence. DNA was 15 recovered and purified from the reaction buffer by phenol:chloroform extraction, ethanol precipitation, and further washing with ethanol. Individual oligonucleotide preparations were pooled and boiled for 10 min to ensure denaturation. The temperature of the mixture was then 20 reduced ta-700C for annealing of the complementary strands. After 20 min, the tube was cooled on ice and 2,000 units of T4 DNA ligase were added together with additional ligase buffer. Ligation was performed overnight at 16*C. DNA was recovered and purified from the ligation reaction mixture by phenol:chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation and washing. The purified, double-stranded synthetic DNA was then used as a template in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). One Ll of the DNA solution obtained after purification of the ligation reaction mixture was used as a template. Thermal cycling was performed using a Perkin-Elmer Iwj1rv'~T instrument. "Vent" thermostable DNA polymerase, restriction enzymes, T4 DNA ligase, and polynucleotide kinase were obtained from New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA. Vent polymerase was selected for this application because of its claimed superiority in fidelity compared to the usual Taq enzyme. The PCR reaction product was run on a 2% agarose gel in TBE buffer. The 327 bp construct was then cut from the gel and purified by electroelution- Because it was found to be relatively 10 resistant to digestion with Hind III and Xho I restriction enzymes, it was initially cloned using the pCR'-Script system (Stratagene) Digestion of a plasmid preparation from one of these clones yielded the coding sequence, which was then ligated into the multicloning S 15 site of the pFLAG-1 vector. E. coli were transformed with the pFLAG-construct, and recombinant clones were identified by analysis of Irestriction digests of plasmid DNA. Sequence analysis of one of these selected clones indicated that four bases 20 deviated from the intended coding sequence. This included deletion of three bases coding for one of four cysteine residues contained in the protein and an alteration of the third base in the preceding codon (indicated by the boxes in Figure In order to correct these "mutations," which presumably arose during the PCR amplification of the synthetic template, a double-stranded "patch" was synthesized, which could be ligated into restriction sites flanking the mutations (these Bst XI and Espi sites are also indicated in Figure The patch was applied and the repair was confirmed by DNA sequence analysis. For preparation of a DNA sequence coding for native cyanovirin, the aforementioned FLAG-cyanovirin construct was subjected to site-directed mutagenesis to eliminate the codons for the FLAG octapeptide and, at the same time, to eliminate a unique Hind III restriction site. This procedure is illustrated in Figure 3, which illustrates a site-directed mutagenesis maneuver used to eliminate codons for a FLAG octapeptide and a Hind III restriction site from the sequence of Figure 2. A 10 mutagenic oligonucleotide primer was synthesized, which included portions of the codons for the Omp secretory Dpeptide and cyanovirin, but lacked the codons for the FLAG peptide. Annealing of this mutagenic primer, with creation of a DNA hairpin in the template strand, and 15 extension by DNA polymerase resulted in the generation of a new plasmid DNA lacking both the FLAG codon sequence and the Hind III site (refer to Figure 2 for details). The digestion of the plasmid DNA with Hind III resulted in linearization of "wild-type" strands but not "mutant" 20 strands. Since transformation of E. coli occurs more efficiently with circular DNA, clones could be readily selected which had the revised coding sequence which specified production of native cyanovirin-N directly behind the Omp secretory peptide. DNA sequencing verified the presence of the intended sequence. Sitedirected mutagenesis reactions were carried out using materials (polymerase, buffers, etc.) obtained from Pharmacia Biotech, Inc., Piscataway, NJ. Example 3 This example illustrates the expression of synthetic cyanovirin genes. As indicated in the following flowchart: Recover/Purify/Dissolve PCR Product 4- Blunt-End Clone (Stratagene Kit) Plasmid Preparation on Selected Clone 4- Digest with Hind III and Xho I and Ligate to pFLAG-1 Transform E. coli, Isolate, and Identify Recombinant Clones (Exerimental and BAP Control) SSeed Small-Scale Shake Cultures Induce Express with IPTG Prepare Crude Periplasmic Extract Anti-HIV Bioassay and FLAG Dot-Blot Anti-HIV Bioassay and FLAG Dot-Blot E. coli (strain DH5a) were transformed (by electroporation) with the pFLAG-1 vector containing the coding sequence for the FLAG-cyanovirin-N fusion protein (see Figure 2 for details of the DNA sequence) Selected clones were seeded into small-scale shake flasks containing (LB) growth medium with 100 g/ml ampicillin and expanded by incubation at 37°C. Larger-scale Erlenmeyer flasks (0.5-3.0 liters) were then seeded and allowed to grow to a density of 0.5-0.7 OD. 00 units. The 10 expression of the FLAG-cyanovirin-N fusion protein was then induced by adding IPTG to a final concentration of 1.7 mM and continuing incubation at 30°C for 3-6 hrs. For harvesting of periplasmic proteins, bacteria were pelleted, washed, and then osmotically shocked by 15 treatment with sucrose, followed by resuspension in distilled water. Periplasmic proteins were obtained by sedimenting the bacteria and then filtering the aqueous S" supernatant through Whatman paper. Crude periplasmic extracts showed both anti-HIV activity and presence of a 20 FLAG-cyanovirin-N fusion protein by Western or spotblotting. The construct for native cyanovirin-N described in Example 2 was used to transform bacteria in the same manner as described above for the FLAG-cyanovirin-N fusion protein. Cloning, expansion, induction with IPTG, and harvesting were performed similarly. Crudeperiplasmic extracts showed strong anti-HIV activity on bioassay. Example 4 This example illustrates purification of recombinant cyanovirin proteins. Using an affinity column based on an anti-FLAG monoclonal antibody (International Biotechnologies, Inc., New Haven, CT), FLAG-cyanovirin-N fusion protein could be purified as follows: 0 *0 *e 0 0 0*e 0 .0* *0 .:25 Periplasmic Extract of IPTG Induced Cultures Load onto Affinity Column Wash Through E. coli Proteins I Elute Bound Fusion Protein with EDTA Dialyze Against Water and Lyophilize The respective periplasmic extract, prepared as described in Example 3, was loaded onto 2-20 ml gravity columns containing affinity matrix and washed extensively with PBS containing CA" to remove contaminating proteins. Since the binding of the FLAG peptide to the antibody is Ca"-dependent, fusion protein could be eluted by passage of EDTA through the column. Column fractions and wash volumes were monitored by spot-blot analysis using the same anti-FLAG antibody. Fractions containing fusion protein were then pooled, dialyzed extensively against distilled water, and lyophilized. For the purification of the recombinant native cyanovirin-N, the corresponding periplasmic extract from Example 3 was subjected to step-gradient C, reverse-phase, vacuum-liquid chromatography to give three fractions: (1) eluted with 100% H20, eluted with MeOH-H 2 0 and eluted with 100% MeOH. The anti-HIV activity was concentrated in fraction Purification of the 10 recombinant cyanovirin-N was performed by HPLC on a 1.9x15 cm gBondapak (Waters Associates) C, column eluted with a gradient of increasing concentration of CHCN in H,0 (0.05% TFA, v/v in the mobile phase). A chromatogram of the final HPLC purification on a 1x10 cm (Cohensive 15 Technologies, Inc.) C, column monitored at 280 nm is shown in Figure 4, which is typical HPLC chromatogram during the purification of a recombinant native cyanovirin. Gradient elution, 5 ml/min, from 100% HO0 to H,0-CHlCN was carried out over 23 min with 0.05% TFA in 20 the mobile phase. Example This example illustrates the anti-HIV activities of natural and recombinant cyanovirin-N and FLAG-cyanovirin- N. Pure proteins were initially evaluated for antiviral activity using an XTT-tetrazolium anti-HIV assay described previously (Boyd, in AIDS, Etiologv, Diaanosis, Treatment and Prevention, 1988, supra; Gustafson et al., J. Med. Chem. 35, 1978-1986, 1992; Weislow, 1989, supra; Gulakowski, 1991, supra). The CEM-SS human lymphocytic T- target cell line used in all assays was maintained in RPMI 1650 medium (Gibco, Grand Island, NY), without phenol red, and was supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, and 50 pg/ml gentamicin (complete medium). Exponentially growing cells were pelleted and resuspended at a concentration of 2.0x10 s cells/ml in complete medium. The Haitian variant of HIV, HTLV-III,F (3.54x10' SFU/ml), was used throughout. Frozen virus 10 stock solutions were thawed immediately before use and resuspended in complete medium to yield 1.2x12 s SFU/ml. The appropriate amounts of the pure proteins for anti-HIV evaluations were dissolved in H,0-DMSO then diluted in complete medium to the desired initial concentration. 15 All serial drug dilutions, reagent additions, and plateto-plate transfers were carried out with an automated Biomek 1000 Workstation (Beckman Instruments, Palo Alto, CA). Figures 5A-5C are graphs of control versus 20 concentration which illustrate antiviral activities of native cyanovirin from Nostoc ellipsosporum recombinant native and recombinant FLAG-fusion cyanovirins. The graphs show the effects of a range of concentrations of the respective cyanovirins upon CEM-SS cells infected with HIV-1 as determined after 6 days in culture. Data points represent the percent of the respective uninfected, nondrug-treated control values. All three cyanovirins showed potent anti-HIV activity, with an ECs, in the low nanomolar range and no significant evidence of direct cytotoxicity to the host cells at the highest tested concentrations (up to 1.2 PM) As an example of a further demonstration of the anti-HIV activity of pure cyanovirin-N, a battery of. interrelated anti-HIV assays was performed in individual wells of 96-well microtiter plates, using methods described in detail elsewhere (Gulakowski, 1991, supra). Briefly, the procedure was as follows. Cyanovirin solutions were serially diluted in complete medium and 10 added to 96-well test plates. Uninfected CEM-SS cells 9 were plated at a density of 1x10o cells in 50 2l of complete medium. Diluted HIV-1 was then added to appropriate wells in a volume of 50 .tl to yield a multiplicity of infection of 0.6. Appropriate cell, 15 virus, and drug controls were incorporated in each exoeriment. The final volume in each microtiter well was 200 pl. Quadruplicate wells were used for virus-infected cells. Plates were incubated at 37 0 C in an atmosphere containing 5% CO 2 for 4, 5, or 6 days. 20 Subsequently, aliquots of cell-free supernatant were removed from each well using the Biomek, and analyzed for reverse transcriptase activity, p24 antigen production, and synthesis of infectious virions as described (Gulakowski, 1991, supra). Cellular growth or viability then was estimated on the remaining contents of each well using the XTT (Weislow et al., 1989, supra), BCECF (Rink et al., J. Cell Biol. 95, 189-196, 1982) and DAPI (McCaffrey et al., In vitro Cell Develop. Biol. 24, 247- 252, 1988) assays as described (Gulakowski et al., 1991, supra). To facilitate graphical displays and comparisons of data, the individual experimental assay results (of at least quadruplicate determinations of each) were averaged, and the mean values were used to calculate percentages in reference to the appropriate controls. Standard errors of the mean values used in these calculations typically averaged less than 10% of the respective mean values. Figures 6A-6D are graphs of control versus concentration which illustrate anti-HIV activity of ft9. 10 a cyanovirin in a multiparameter assay format. Graphs 9 6A, 6B, and 6C show the effects of a range of concentrations of cyanovirin upon uninfected CEM-SS cells and upon CEM-SS cells infected with HIV-1 as determined after 6 days in culture. Graph 6A depicts the 15 relative numbers of viable CEM-SS cells, as assessed by the BCECF assay. Graph 6B depicts the relative DNA contents of the respective cultures. Graph 6C depicts i the relative numbers of viable CEM-SS cells, as assessed by the XTT assay. Graph 6D shows the effects of a range of concentrations of cyanovirin upon indices of infectious virus or viral replication as determined after 4 days in culture. These indices include viral reverse transcriptase viral core protein p24 and syncytium-forming units In graphs 6A, 6B, and 6C, the data are represented as the percent of the uninfected, nondrug-treated control values. In-graph 6D the data are represented as the percent of the infected, nondrug-treated control values. As illustrated in Figure 6, cyanovirin-N was capable of complete inhibition of the cytopathic effects of HIV-1 upon CEM-SS human lymphoblastoid target cells in vitro; direct cytotoxicity of the protein upon the target cells was not observed at the highest tested concentrations. Cyanovirin-N also strikingly inhibited the production of RT, p24, and SFU in HIV-l-infected CEM-SS cells within these same inhibitory effective concentrations, indicating that the protein halted viral replication. The anti-HIV activity of the cyanovirins is extremely resilient to harsh environmental challenges. For example, unbuffered cyanovirin-N solutions withstood repeated freeze-thaw cycles or dissolution in organic *see solvents (up to 100% DMSO, MeOH, or CHCN) with no loss of activity. Cyanovirin-N tolerated detergent SDS), high salt (6 M guanidine HCI), and heat treatment (boiling, 10 min in H,0) with no significant loss of HIVinhibitory activity. Reduction of the disulfides with 3- •0 ,mercaptoethanol, followed immediately by HPLC purification, drastically reduced the cytoprotective activity of cyanovirin-N. However, solutions of reduced 20 cyanovirin-N regained anti-HIV inhibitory activity during prolonged storage. When cyanovirin-N was reduced (Pmercaptoethanol, 6 M guanidine HCl, pH 8.0) but not put through C, HPLC, and, instead, simply desalted, reconstituted, and assayed, it retained virtually full activity. Example 6 This example illustrates that the HIV viral envelope is a principal molecular target of cyanovirin-N. Initial experiments, employing the XTT-tetrazolium assay (Weislow et al., 1989, supra), revealed that host cells preincubated with cyanovirin (10 nM, 1 hr), then centrifuged free of cyanovirin-N, retained normal susceptibility to HIV infection; in contrast, the infectivity of concentrated virus similarly pretreated, then diluted to yield non-inhibitory concentrations of cyanovirin-N, was essentially abolished. This indicated that cyanovirin-N was acting directly upon the virus 10 itself, acting as a direct "virucidal" agent to "prevent viral infectivity even before it could enter the hos't cells. This was further confirmed in time-ofaddition experiments, likewise employing the XTTtetrazolium assay (Weislow et al., 1989, supra), which 15 showed that, to afford maximum antiviral activity, cyanovirin-N had to be added to cells before or as soon as possible after addition of virus as shown in Figure 7, which is a graph of uninfected control versus time of addition (hrs), which shows results of time-of-addition 20 studies of a cyanovirin, showing anti-HIV activity in CEM-SS cells infected with HIV-1,. Introduction of cyanovirin or ddC (10 nM and 5 gM concentrations, respectively) was delayed by various times after initial incubation, followed by 6 days incubation, then assay of cellular viability (linegraphs) and RT (open bars, inset). Points represent averages of at least triplicate determinations. In marked contrast to the reverse transcriptase inhibitor ddC, delay of addition of cyanovirin-N by only 3 hrs resulted in little or no antiviral activity (Figure The aforementioned results suggested that cyanovirin-N inhibited HIVinfectivity by interruption of the initial interaction of the virus with the cell; this would, therefore, likely involve a direct interaction of cyanovirin-N with the viral gpl20. This was confirmed by ultrafiltration experiments and dot-blot assays. Ultrafiltration experiments were performed to determine if soluble gpl20 and cyanovirin-N could bind directly, as assessed by inhibition of passage of cyanovirin-N through a 50 kDa-cutoff ultrafilter. S 10 Solutions of cyanovirin (30 pg) in PBS were treated with various concentrations of gpl20 for 1 hr at 37 0 C, then filtered through a 50 kDa-cutoff centrifugal ultrafilter (Amicon). After washing 3 times with PBS, filtrates were desalted with 3 kDa ultrafilters; retentates were 15 lyophilized, reconstituted in 100 p1 H 2 0, and assayed for anti-HIV activity. *:oooo Figure 8A is a graph of OD (450 nm) versus cyanovirin concentration which illustrates cyanovirin/gpl20 interactions defining gpl20 as a principal molecular target of cyanovirin. Free cyanovirin-N was readily eluted, as evidenced by complete recovery of cyanovirin-N bioactivity in the filtrate. In contrast, filtrates from cyanovirin-N solutions treated with gpl20 revealed a concentration-dependent loss of filtrate bioactivity; moreover, the 50 kDa filter retentates were all inactive, indicating that cyanovirin- N and soluble gpl20 interacted directly to form a complex incapable of binding to gpl20 of intact virus. There was further evidence of a direct interaction of cyanovirin-N and gpl20 in a PVDF membrane dot-blot 68 assay. A PVDF membrane was spotted with 5 g CD4 (CD), 4g aprotinin 10 ug bovine globulin and decreasing amounts of cyanovirin: 6 g [11 3 ±g pg [31, 0.75 g 0.38 g 0.19 g 0.09 ug and 0.05 pg then washed with PBST and visualized per the manufacturer's recommendations. Figure 8B is a dot blot of binding of cyanovirin and a gpl20-HRP conjugate (Invitrogen), which shows that cyanovirin-N specifically bound a horseradish peroxidase 10 conjugate of gpl20 (gpl20-HRP) in a concentrationdependent manner. Example 7 This example further illustrates the extraordinarily broad range of antiretroviral activity against diverse lab-adapted and clinical strains of human and nonhuman "primate immunodeficiency retroviruses. Table 1 below shows the comparative ranges of anti-immunodeficiency virus activities of cyanovirin-N and sCD4 tested against a wide range of virus strains in diverse host cells. Particularly noteworthy is the similar potency of cyanovirin-N against both lab-adapted strains as well as clinical isolates of HIV. This was in sharp contrast to the lack of activity of sCD4 against the clinical isolates. The EC,, values (Table 1) were determined from concentration-response curves from eight dilutions of the test agents (averages from triplicate wells per concentration); G910-6 is an AZT-resistant strain; A17 is a pyridinone-resistant strain; HIV-1 Ba-L was tested in LiLUIIL[1 69 human peripheral blood macrophage (PBM) cultures by supernatant reverse transcrip~tase activity; all other assays employed XTT-tetrazolium (Gulakowski et 1991, sunra). Further details of virus strains, cell lines, S clinical isolates, and assay procedures are published (Buckheit et al., AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir. 10, 1497-1506, 1994; Buckheit et al., Antiviral Res. 25, 43-56, 1994; and references contained therein) In Table 1, N.D.=not determined. TABLE 1. Comparative Ranges of Antiviral Actvity of CV-N and sCD4 Virus Target Cells Cyanovirin-N SCD4 HIV-! Laboratory Strains RF Rf IIIB IIIB MN G-910-6 A17 CEM-SS U937 CEM-SS MT-2 MT-2 MT-2 MT-2 0.8 0.1 1.6 13 N.D. N.D. 13 u HIV-1 Promonocvtotrcnic Isolates CEM-SS CEM-S N.D. N.D. HIV-I LymDhotropic Isolates CEM-SS CEM-SS N.D. N.D. HIV-1 Clinical Isolates WEJO VIHU BAKI WOME PBL PBL PBL PBL >100 >100 >100 >100 >200
N.D.
HIV-2
ROD
MS
CE?-SS
CEM-SS
SIV
Delta,,,, 174xCEM ExamDle 8 This example further illustrates the ConStruCtion of a conjugate DNA coding sequence, and expression thereof, to provide a cyanovirin-toxin protein conjugate that selectively targets and kills HIV-infected cell More snecifically, this example illustrates construction and i ILill–.-;lri-~Li ili~~ iiii.~~~_l-21-~l expression of a conjugate DNA coding sequence for a cyanovirin/Pseudomonas-exotoxin which selectively kills viral gpl20-expressing host cells.
A DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:3) coding for FLAGcyanovirin-N and a DNA sequence coding for the PE38 fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin (Kreitman et al., Blood 83, 426-434, 1994) were combined in the pFLAG-1 expression vector. The PE38 coding sequence was excised from a plasmid, adapted, and ligated to the C-terminal 10 position of the FLAG-cyanovirin-N coding sequence using standard recombinant DNA procedures. This construct is illustrated schematically in Figure 9. Transformation of E. coli with this construct, selection of clones, and induction of gene expression with IPTG resulted in production of a conjugate protein with the expected molecular weight and immunoreactivity on western-blot analysis using an anti-FLAG antibody. The chimeric molecule was purified by FLAG-affinity chromatography as in Example 4) and evaluated for toxicity to human lymphoblastoid cells infected with HIV (H9/IIIB cells) as well as their uninfected counterparts (H9 and CEM-SS cells). Cells were plated in 96-well microtitre plates and exposed to various concentrations of the conjugate protein (named PPE). After three days, viability was assessed using the XTT assay (Gulakowski et al., 1991, supra). Figure 10 illustrates the results of this testing. As anticipated, the infected H9/IIIB cells expressing cell-surface gpl20 were dramatically more sensitive to the toxic effects of PPE than were the uninfected H9 or CEM-SS cells. The IC50 values determined from the concentration-effect curves were ^1-I I 0.014 nM for H9/IIIB compared to 0.48 and 0.42 nM for H9 and CEM-SS, respectively.
Example 9 This example illustrates transformation of a mammalian cell to express a cyanovirin therein. A genetic construct suitable for demonstration of expression of a cyanovirin in mammalian cells was prepared by ligating a DNA sequence coding for FLAG- 10 cyanovirin-N into the pFLAG CMV-1 expression vector (IBI- Kodak, Rochester, NY). The FLAG-cyanovirin-N coding sequence (SEQ ID NO:3) was excised from a previously constructed plasmid and ligated to the pFLAG CMV-1 vector using standard recombinant DNA procedures. African green monkey cells (COS-7 cells, obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD) were transformed by exposure to the construct in DEAE dextran solution.
To assess expression of FLAG-cyanovirin-N, cells were lysed after 72 hours and subjected to PAGE and westernblot analysis. As illustrated in Figure 11, anti-FLAG immunoreactive material was readily detected in transformed COS-7 cells, albeit at an apparent molecular weight substantially greater than native recombinant FLAG-cyanovirin-N produced in E. coli. Diagnostic analyses of digests, performed in the same manner as in Example 10 which follows, indicated that this increased molecular weight was due to post-translational modification (N-linked oligosaccharides) of the FLAGcyanovirin-N.
Example This example illustrates transformation and expression of a cyanovirin in a non-mammalian cell, more specifically a yeast cell.
A genetic construct suitable for demonstration of expression of a cyanovirin in Pichia pastoris was prepared by ligating a DNA sequence coding for cyanovirin-N into the pPIC9 expression vector (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, CA). The cyanovirin-N coding 10 sequence (SEQ ID NO:1) was excised from a previously constructed plasmid and ligated to the vector using standard recombinant DNA procedures. Yeast cells were transformed by electroporation and clones were selected for characterization. Several clones were found to express, and to secrete into the culture medium, material reactive with anti-cyanovirin-N polyclonal antibodies (see, Example 11).
Similar to the observations with the mammalian forms described in Example 9, the elevated apparent molecular weight of ‘the yeast-derived product on PAGE and westernblot analysis, suggested that post-translational modification of the cyanovirin-N was occurring in this expression system.
To further define this modification, the secreted products from two clones were digested with peptide-N4- (N-acetyl-P-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase. This enzyme, obtained from New England Biolabs (Beverly, MA), specifically cleaves oligosaccharide moieties attached to asparagine residues. As illustrated in Figure 12, this treatment reduced the apparent molecular weight of the product to that equivalent to native recombinant 74 cyanovirin-N expressed in E. coli. Inspection of the amino acid sequence of cyanovirin revealed a single recognition motif for N-linked modification (linkage to the asparagine located at position To further establish this as the site of glycosylation, a mutation was introduced at this position to change the asparagine residue to glutamine Expression of this mutant form resulted in production of immunoreactive material with a molecular weight 10 consistent with that of native recombinant FLAGcyanovirin-N.
Example 11 This example further illustrates an antibody specifically binding to a cyanovirin.
Three 2-month old New Zealand White rabbits (1.8-2.2 kg) were subjected to an immunization protocol as follows: A total of 100 4g of cyanovirin-N was dissolved in 100 il of a 1:1 suspension of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and Freunds incomplete adjuvant and administered by intramuscular injection at 2 sites on each hind leg; 8-16 months from the initial injection, a final boost of 50 gg of cyanovirin-N per rabbit was dissolved in 1000 1l of a 1:1 suspension of PBS and Freunds incomplete adjuvant and administered by intraperitoneal injection; on days 42, 70, 98 and 122, ml of blood was removed from an ear vein of each rabbit; 14 days after the last intraperitoneal boost, the rabbits were sacrificed and bled out. The IgG fraction of the resultant immune sera from the above rabbits was isolated by protein-A Sepharose affinity chromatography according to the method of Goudswaard et al. (Scand. J. Immunol. 8, 21-28, 1978). The reactivity of this polyclonal antibody preparation for cyanovirin-N was demonstrated by westernblot analysis using a 1:1000 to 1:5000 dilution of the rabbit IgG fractions.
Figure 13 further illustrates that the antibody prepared according to the aforementioned procedure is an antibody specifically binding to a protein of the present 10 invention. SDS-PAGE of a whole-cell lysate, from E. coli strain DH5a engineered to produce cyanovirin-N, was cairied out using 18% polyacrylamide resolving gels and standard discontinuous buffer systems according to Laemmeli (Nature 227, 680-685, 1970). Proteins were visualized by staining with Coomassie brilliant blue (Figure 13A). For western-blot analyses, proteins were electroeluted from the SDS-PAGE gel onto a nitrocellulose .membrane. Non-specific binding sites on the membrane were blocked by washing in a 1% solution of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The membrane was then incubated in a solution of the IgG fraction from the aforementioned rabbit anti-cyanovirin-N immune serum diluted 1:3000 with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Subsequently, the membrane was incubated in a secondary antibody solution containing goat-antirabbit-peroxidase conjugate (Sigma) diluted 1:10000. The bound secondary antibody complex was visualized by incubating the membrane in a chemiluminescence substrate and then exposing it to x-ray film (Figure 13B).
One skilled in the art additionally will appreciate that, likewise by well-established, routine procedures 76 see Harlow and Lane, 1988, suDra), monoclonal antibodies may be prepared using as the antigen a protein of the present invention, and that such a resulting monoclonal antibody likewise can be shown to be an antibody specifically binding a protein of the present invention.
All of the references cited herein are hereby incorporated in their entireties by reference.
10 While this invention has been described with an emphasis upon preferred embodiments, it will be obvious to ‘those of ordinary skill in the art that variations of the preferred proteins, conjugates, host cells, compositions, methods, and the like can be used and that it is intended that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.
Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications encompassed within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the following claims.
1K ‘7 SEQUENCE LISTING GENERAL INFORMATION: APPLICANT: Boyd, Michael R.
Gustafson, Kirk R.
Shoemaker, Robert H.
McMahon, James B.
(ii) -TITLE OF INVENTION: ANTIVIRAL PROTEINS, DNA CODING SEQUENCES THEREFOR, AND USES TAEREOF (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 4 (iv) CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS: ADDRESSEE: Leydig, Voit Mayer, Ltd.
0o.. STREET: Two Prudential Plaza, Suite 4900 CITY: Chicago STATE: IL COUNTRY: U.S.A.
ZIP: 60601-6780 COMPUTER READABLE FORM: MEDIUM TYPE: Floppy disk COMPUTER: IBM PC compatible OPERATING SYSTEM: PC-DOS/MS-DOS 5 SOFTWARE: Patent In Release Version #1.25 (vi) CURRENT APPLICATION DATA: APPLICATION NUMBER: US 0. 0(B) FILING DATE: 25-APR-1996 C ‘C CLASSIFICATION: (vii) PRIOR APPLICATION DATA: APPLICATION NUMBER: US 08/429965 FILING DATE: 27-APR-1995
CLASSIFICATION:
(viii) ATTORNEY/AGENT INFORMATION: NAME: Kilyk, John Jr.
REGISTRATION NUMBER: 30763 REFERENCE/DOCKET NUMBER: 61109 (ix) TELECOMMUNICATION INFORMATION: TELEPHONE: (312)616-5600 TELEFAX: (312)616-5700 INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:l: SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: LENGTH: 327 base pairs TYPE: nucleic acid 78 STRANDMEDNESS: double TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) Cix) FEATURE: CA) NAME/KE-Y: CDS LOCATION: 10.-312 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:i: CGATCGAAG CTT GGT AAA TTC TCC CAG ACC TGC TAC AAC TCC GCT ATC Leu Gly Lys Phe Ser Gin Thr Cys Tyr Asn Ser Ala Ile 4 a a.
a a a *4a a a a. a a.
*4 a *4aa 4a a a 4* a 4* a.
CAG GGT Gin Giy is AAC ACC Asn Thr 30 TCC GTT CTG ACC TCC ACC TGC GAA CGT ACC Ser Vai Leu Thr Ser Thr Cys Giu Arg Thr 20 AAC GGT GGT TAC Asn Gly Gly Tyr TCC TCC ATC Ser Ser Ile GAC CTG AAC TCC OTT ATC Asp Leu Asn Ser Val Ile 35 GAA AAC GTT GAC Glu Asn Val Asp 144 192 TCC CTG AAA TG Ser Leu Lys Trp CCG TCC AAC TTC Pro Ser Asn Phe GAA ACC TGC CGT Glu Thr Cys Arg AAC ACC Asn Thr CAG CTG GCT Gin Leu Ala CAG CAG TTC Gin Gin Phe 80 TCC TCC GAA CTG Ser Ser Giu Leu
OCT
Ala 70 GCT GAA TGC AAA Ala Glu Cys Lys ACC CGT OCT Thr Arg Ala ATC GCT AAC Ile Ala Asn 240 GTT TCC ACC AAA ATC AAC CTG GAC GAC Val. Ser Thr Lys Ile Asn Leu Asp Asp 288 ATC GAC Ile Asp GGT ACC CTG Gly Thr Leu AAA TAC GAA TAACTCGAGA TCGTA Lys Tyr Olu 100 INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2: SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: LENGTH: 101 amino acids TYPE: amino acid TOPOLOGY: iinear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:Z: Leu Oly Lys Phe Ser Gin Thr Cys Tyr Asn Ser Ala Ile Gin Gly Ser 1. 5 10 is Val Leu Thr Ser Thr Cys Giu Arg Thr Asn Gly Gly Tyr Asri Thr Ser Ser Ile Asp Leu Trp Gin Pro Ser Asn Ser Val le Glu Asn Val. Asm e e y Ser Leu Lys Asn ?he Ile Giu Thr Cys Arg 55 Asn Thr Gin Leu Ala Arg Ala Gin Gin Phe Gly Ser Ser Giu Leu Ala Giu Cys Lys Thr Val Ser Thr Lys Ile Asn Leu Asp Asp Ile Ala Asn Ile Asp Gly lo 0 ,00:0 0..
loseS 0000 6:009 Thr Leu Lys Tyr Giu 100 INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID I-O: 3: SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: LENGTH: 327 base pairs TYPE: nucleic acid STRANDEDNESS: doubie TOPOLOGY: iinear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (ix) FEATURE2: NAME/KEY: CDS LOCATION: 1. .327 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ 1D NO:3: GAC TAC AAG GAC GAC GAT GAC AAG CTT GGT AAA TTC TCC CAG Asp Tyr Lys -Asp Asp Asp Asp Lys Leu Gly Lys Phe Ser Gin ACC TGC Thr Cys is TAC AAC TCC OCT Tyr Asn Ser Ala ATC CAG GOT TCC Ile Gin Gly Ser CTG ACC TCC ACC Leu. Thr Ser Thr TGC GAA CGT Cys Giu Arg ACC AAC GOT GGT TAC AAC ACC TCC TCC ATC GAC CTG AAC TCC GTT ATC 144 Thr Asn Gly Giy Tyr Asn Thr 5cr Ile Asp Leu Asn 5cr Val Ile GAA AAC Giu Asn so ACC TGC Thr Cys GTT GAC GOT TCC Val Asp Gly Ser
CTG
Leu AAA TOG CAG CCO Lys Trp Gin Pro AAC TTC ATC GAA Asn Phe Ile Glu 192 COT AAC ACC CAG CTG GCT GOT TCC TCC GAA CTG OCT GCT Arg Asn Thr Gin Leu Ala Gly 5cr 5cr Gilu Leu Ala Ala 70 240 TGC AAA ACC CGT OCT CAG CAG TTC GTT TCC ACC AAA ATC AAC CTG GAC 28 Cys Lys Thr Arg Ala Gin Gln Phe Val. Ser Thr Lys le Asn Leu Asp 90 GAC CAC ATC OCT AAC ATC GAC GGT ACC CTG AAA TAC GAA 327 Asp His le Ala Asn Ile Asp Gly Thr Leu Lys Tyr Glu 100 105 INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4: SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: LENGTH: 109 amino acids TYPE: amino acid TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein see* .00. (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4: *0*0 Asp Tyr Lys Asp Asp Asp Asp Lys Lea Gly Lys Phe Ser Gin Th~r Cys 1 5 10 .0.0 Tyr Asn Ser Ala Ile Gin Gly Ser Val Leu Thr Ser Thr Cys Gla Arg *20 25 Thr Asn Gly Gly Tyr Asn Thr Ser Ser Ile Asp Lea Asn Ser Val Ile «S 35 40 **too:Gia Asn Val Asp Gly Ser Leu Lys Trp Gin Pro Ser Asn Phe le Gia s0 55 Cys Arg Asn Thr Gin Lea Ala Gly Ser Ser Gia Lea Ala Ala Gia St 5G 70 75 s0 Cys Lys Thr A~rrg Ala Gin Gin Phe Val Ser Thr Lys Ile Asn’Leu Asp 90 Asp His Ile Ala Asn Ile Asp Gly Thr Lea Lys Tyr G Iu 100 105

Claims (8)

1. An isolated and purified antiviral peptide comprising at least nine contiguous amino acids of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.

2. An isolated and purified antiviral protein conjugate or an isolated and purified antiviral peptide conjugate comprising at least nine contiguous amino acids of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, wherein said antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate is coupled to an effector molecule, a virus, a viral envelope glycoprotein, polyethylene glycol, albumin, dextran, a solid support matrix, or a combination of any of the foregoing.

3. The protein conjugate or peptide conjugate of claim 2, wherein said effector molecule is selected from the group consisting of a toxin and an immunological reagent. 9* 4. The protein conjugate or peptide conjugate of claim 3, wherein said effector molecule is Pseudomonas exotoxin. 15 5. The protein conjugate or peptide conjugate of any of claims 2 to 4, wherein said protein conjugate comprises SEQ ID NO:2.

6. An isolated and purified nucleic acid molecule which encodes the peptide, protein conjugate or peptide conjugate of any of claims 1 to

7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an antiviral effective amount of the peptide, protein conjugate or peptide conjugate of any of claims 1 to 5 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor and, optionally, further comprising an immunostimulant.

8. A vector which comprises the nucleic acid molecule of claim 6.

9. A host cell comprising the vector of claim 8.

82- The host cell of claim 9, wherein said host cell is a mammalian cell. 11. The host cell of claim 9, wherein said host cell is a bacterium. 12. The host cell of claim 11, wherein said bacterium is a lactobacillium. 13. The host cell of claim 9, wherein said host cell is a yeast. 14. An antibody binding the peptide, the protein in the protein conjugate or the peptide in the peptide conjugate of any of claims 1 to The use of the peptide, the protein conjugate or the peptide conjugate of any of claims 1 to 5 for the manufacture of a medicament for preventing or treating a viral infection of an animal. •10 16. The use of a nucleic acid molecule of claim 6 for the manufacture of a medicament for transforming in vivo host cells to express an antiviral peptide or antiviral peptide oconjugate encoded by said nucleic acid molecule in vivo. 17. A method of producing a peptide, a protein conjugate or a peptide conjugate, which method comprises expressing a peptide, a protein conjugate or a peptide conjugate in the host cell of any of claims 9 to 13. •18. A method of preventing the spread of viral infection comprising treating an inanimate object, solution, suspension, emulsion or other material with an antiviral effective amount of the peptide, the protein conjugate or the peptide conjugate of any of claims 1 to 19. A method of preventing the spread of viral infection comprising treating ex vivo blood, a blood product, sperm, cells, a tissue or an organ with an antiviral effective amount of the peptide, the protein conjugate or the peptide conjugate of any of claims 1 to -83- A method of preventing or treating a viral infection of an animal, which method comprises administering to an animal an antiviral effective amount of the antiviral peptide, antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate of any of claims 1 to 21. A method of preventing or treating a viral infection of an animal, which method comprises transforming in vivo host cells with the nucleic acid molecule of claim 6 to express an antiviral peptide, antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate encoded by said nucleic acid molecule in vivo. •22. A method of preventing or treating a viral infection of an animal, which method comprises transforming host cells with the nucleic acid molecule of claim 6 and placing l0 said transformed host cells into or onto said animal so as to express an antiviral peptide, antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate encoded by said nucleic acid molecule. 23. A method of contacting a virus with an antiviral agent, which method comprises contacting said virus with an antiviral effective amount of an isolated and purified antiviral protein, an isolated and purified antiviral peptide, an isolated and purified antiviral protein conjugate or an isolated and purified antiviral peptide conjugate, wherein said antiviral protein, antiviral peptide, antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate comprises at least nine contiguous amino acids of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2. 24. A method of contacting a virus with an antiviral agent, which method comprises contacting said virus with an antiviral effective amount of the antiviral peptide, antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate of any of claims 1 to A method of conjugating a virus or a viral envelope glycoprotein with a cyanovirin, which method comprises contacting said isolated and purified virus or said _I~ -84- isolated and purified viral envelope glycoprotein with an isolated and purified antiviral protein or an isolated and purified antiviral peptide, wherein said protein or peptide comprises at least nine contiguous amino acids of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein, upon contacting said isolated and purified virus or said isolated and purified viral envelope glycoprotein with said protein or said peptide, said protein or said peptide binds to said isolated and purified virus or said isolated and purified viral envelope glycoprotein, thereby forming a conjugate. S•26. A method of administering an antiviral agent to an animal, which method comprises administering to said animal an antiviral effective amount of the peptide, the 10 protein conjugate or the peptide conjugate of any of claims I to 5 or a conjugate prepared in accordance with claim 27. A method of removing virus from a sample, which method comprises: contacting said sample with a composition comprising an isolated and ••purified antiviral protein, an isolated and purified antiviral peptide, an isolated and purified antiviral protein conjugate or an isolated and purified antiviral peptide S conjugate, wherein said antiviral protein or antiviral peptide comprises at least nine contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2, (ii) said antiviral protein, antiviral peptide, antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate is attached to a solid support matrix, and (iii) said at least nine contiguous amino acids bind to said virus, and separating said sample and said composition, whereupon virus is removed from said sample. 28. A method of removing virus from a sample, which method comprises: contacting said sample with a composition comprising the antiviral peptide, the antiviral protein conjugate or the antiviral peptide conjugate of any of claims 1 to 5, and separating said sample and said composition, whereupon virus is removed from said sample. 29. The method of claim 27 or claim 28, wherein said sample is blood, a component of blood, sperm, cells, a tissue or an organ. 30. The method of any of claims 27 to 29, wherein said sample is a vaccine formulation and the virus that is removed is infectious. o 10 31. A method of preventing or treating a viral infection of an animal, which method comprises topically administering to a host an antiviral effective amount of a formulation comprising an isolated and purified antiviral protein, an isolated and purified antiviral peptide, an isolated and purified antiviral protein conjugate or an isolated and purified antiviral peptide conjugate, wherein said antiviral protein, antiviral peptide, antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate comprises at least nine contiguous amino S» acids of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein said formulation is topically administered to the vagina, the penis, the rectum or the mouth of the animal. 33. The method of any of claims 23, 25, 27 or 31, wherein said antiviral protein or antiviral protein conjugate comprises SEQ ID NO:2. 34. A topical formulation comprising an isolated and purified antiviral agent selected from the group consisting of an isolated and purified antiviral protein, an isolated and purified antiviral peptide, an isolated and purified antiviral protein conjugate or an isolated and purified antiviral peptide conjugate, wherein said protein, peptide, protein -86- conjugate or peptide conjugate comprises at least nine contiguous amino acids of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. The topical formulation of claim 34, wherein said antiviral protein or antiviral protein conjugate comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2. 36. The topical formulation of claim 34 or claim 35, wherein said formulation is an emulsion, a suspension, a solution, a gel, a cream, a paste, a foam, a lubricant, a spray, a suppository, a pessary, or a tampon. 37. The topical formulation of any of claims 34 to 36, wherein said formulation is in or on a contraceptive device. 10 38. The topical formulation of claim 37, wherein said contraceptive device is a condom. 39. The topical formulation of any of claims 34 to 38, wherein said formulation further comprises an agent that inhibits conception. The topical formulation of claim 39, wherein said agent that inhibits conception is nonoxynol-9. 41. The topical formulation of any of claims 34 to 40, wherein said formulation further 9* comprises another antiviral agent. 42. The topical formulation of any of claims 34 to 41, wherein said formulation further comprises an antibiotic agent. 43. The topical formulation of claim 42, wherein said antibiotic agent is an antifungal agent or an antibacterial agent. 44. A method of preventing or treating a viral infection of an animal, which method comprises administering to the animal an antiviral effective amount of a virus that has been destroyed or rendered noninfectious by contact with an antiviral effective amount -87- of an isolated and purified antiviral protein, an isolated and purified antiviral peptide, an isolated and purified antiviral protein conjugate or an isolated and purified antiviral peptide conjugate, wherein said antiviral protein, antiviral peptide, antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate comprises at least nine contiguous amino acids of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. The method of claim 44, wherein said antiviral protein or antiviral protein conjugate comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2. o 46. The use of host cells transformed with the nucleic acid molecule of claim 6 for the manufacture of a medicament for preventing or treating a viral infection of a mammal :0 wherein said medicament is placed into or onto said animal so as to express an antiviral peptide, antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate encoded by said nucleic acid molecule. a. 47. The use of a formulation comprising an isolated and purified antiviral protein, an isolated and purified antiviral peptide, an isolated and purified antiviral protein conjugate or an isolated and purified antiviral peptide conjugate, wherein said antiviral protein, antiviral peptide, antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate comprises at least nine contiguous amino acids of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, for the manufacture of a medicament for preventing or treating a viral infection of an animal wherein the medicament is administered topically. 48. The use of a virus that has been destroyed or rendered non-infectious by contact with an antiviral effective amount of an isolated and purified antiviral protein, an isolated and purified antiviral peptide, an isolated and purified antiviral protein conjugate or an isolated and purified antiviral peptide conjugate, wherein said antiviral protein, antiviral peptide, antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate comprises -88- at least nine contiguous amino acids of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, for the manufacture of a medicament for preventing or treating a viral infection of an animal. 49. An isolated and purified antiviral peptide, substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the examples but excluding comparative examples. An isolated and purified antiviral protein conjugate or an isolated and purified antiviral peptide conjugate, substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the examples but excluding comparative examples. 51. An isolated and purified nucleic acid molecule which encodes a peptide, protein 10 conjugate or peptide conjugate, substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the examples but excluding comparative examples. 52. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an antiviral effective amount of a peptide, protein conjugate or peptide conjugate, substantially as herein described with °°oo reference to any one of the examples but excluding comparative examples. 53. A vector which comprises an isolated and purified nucleic acid molecule which encodes a peptide, protein conjugate or peptide conjugate, substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the examples but excluding comparative examples. 54. A host cell comprising a vector which comprises an isolated and purified nucleic acid molecule which encodes a peptide, protein conjugate or peptide conjugate, substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the examples but excluding comparative examples. -89- An antibody binding a peptide, a protein or a protein conjugate or a peptide in a peptide conjugate, substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the examples but excluding comparative examples. 56. The use of a peptide, a protein conjugate or a peptide conjugate, for the manufacture of a medicament for preventing or treating a viral infection of an animal, substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the examples but excluding comparative examples. 57. The use of an isolated and purified nucleic acid molecule which encodes a peptide, protein conjugate, or peptide conjugate for the manufacture of a medicament for transforming in vivo host cells to express an antiviral peptide or antiviral peptide conjugate encoded by said nucleic acid molecule in vivo, substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the examples but excluding comparative examples. 58. A method of producing a peptide, a protein conjugate or peptide conjugate, substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the examples but excluding comparative examples. S. ;59. A method of preventing the spread of viral infection, substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the examples but excluding comparative examples. A method of preventing or treating a viral infection of an animal, substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the examples but excluding comparative examples. 61. A method of contacting a virus with an antiviral agent, substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the examples but excluding comparative examples. 62. A method of conjugating a virus or viral envelope glycoprotein with a cyanovirin, substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the examples but excluding comparative examples. 63. A method of administering an antiviral agent to an animal, substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the examples but excluding comparative examples. 64. A method of removing virus from a sample, substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the examples but excluding comparative examples. A topical formulation, substantially as herein described with reference to any one 10 of the examples but excluding comparative examples. 66. Use of an isolated and purified antiviral protein, an isolated and purified antiviral peptide, an isolated and purified antiviral protein conjugate or an isolated and purified antiviral peptide conjugate, wherein said antiviral protein, antiviral peptide, antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate comprises at least nine contiguous amino acids of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, for the manufacture of a medicament, i substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the examples but excluding comparative examples. 67. Use of a virus that has been destroyed or rendered non-infectious by contact with an antiviral effective amount of an isolated and purified antiviral protein, an isolated and purified antiviral peptide, an isolated and purified antiviral protein conjugate or an isolated and purified antiviral peptide conjugate, wherein said antiviral protein, antiviral peptide, antiviral protein conjugate or antiviral peptide conjugate comprises at least nine contiguous amino acids of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, for the -91 manufacture of a medicament, substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the examples but excluding comparative examples. DATED this 22nd day of October 1999 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, REPRESENTED BY THE SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Attorney: IVAN A. RAJKOVIC Fellow Institute of Patent Attorneys of Australia of BALDWIN SHELSTON WATERS go o* Gs** 0* e go

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Antiviral proteins, DNA coding sequences therefor, and uses thereof

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