AU6521986A - Creación de Inventos y Patentes con Inteligencia Artificial

AU6521986A – Methods and media for enhanced somatic embryogenesis
– Google Patents

AU6521986A – Methods and media for enhanced somatic embryogenesis
– Google Patents
Methods and media for enhanced somatic embryogenesis

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Publication number
AU6521986A

AU6521986A
AU65219/86A
AU6521986A
AU6521986A
AU 6521986 A
AU6521986 A
AU 6521986A
AU 65219/86 A
AU65219/86 A
AU 65219/86A
AU 6521986 A
AU6521986 A
AU 6521986A
AU 6521986 A
AU6521986 A
AU 6521986A
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AU
Australia
Prior art keywords
medium
amount sufficient
accordance
approximately
added
Prior art date
1985-10-22
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)

Abandoned

Application number
AU65219/86A
Inventor
Steven G. Strickland
David A. Stuart
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Monsanto Co

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Plant Genetics Inc
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1985-10-22
Filing date
1986-10-21
Publication date
1987-05-19

1986-10-21
Application filed by Plant Genetics Inc
filed
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Plant Genetics Inc

1987-05-19
Publication of AU6521986A
publication
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patent/AU6521986A/en

Status
Abandoned
legal-status
Critical
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Classifications

A—HUMAN NECESSITIES

A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING

A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES

A01H4/00—Plant reproduction by tissue culture techniques ; Tissue culture techniques therefor

C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING

C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA

C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor

C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING

C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA

C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor

C12N5/0018—Culture media for cell or tissue culture

C12N5/0025—Culture media for plant cell or plant tissue culture

C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING

C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA

C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor

C12N5/04—Plant cells or tissues

Description

Description Methods and Media for Enhanced Somatic Embryogenesis
Related Applications The present application is a Continuation-In-Part of Application Serial No. 496,186, filed May 19, 1983.
Technical Field
This invention relates generally to the culturing of embryonic plant cells and tissue and more specifically to an improved medium particularly adapted for sustaining embryos produced by induction from somatic tissue in vitro and a method of using the medium.
Background Art It has been recognized that recent progress in genetic engineering offers plant breeders the ability to avoid the delay in crop improvement inherent in classical breeding techniques. However, there remain difficulties in the application of these techniques, for unicellular and raulticellular organisms require different procedures to change the entire genetic message. In microorganisms, one attempts to effect change at the cellular level with confidence that this will be reproduced through succeeding generations of cells.
In multicellular organisms, such as plants, it is advantageous to perform genetic manipulations at the cellular level, then regenerate and raise a mature plant expressing the new characteristic. Foreign genetic material can be incorporated into the host cell by, e.g., plasmid insertion to provide for specific changes or protoplast fusion to provide wholesale genetic manipulation. Further genetic manipulation

using the techniques of traditional plant breeding with mature plants can be used to incorporate the new trait into agriculturally useful varieties. Allard, R.W., Principles of Plant Breeding, John Wiley and Sons, ϊlew York, (1960); Simmons, N.W., Principles of Croo Improvement, Langman Group, Ltd., London, (1972).
In vitro cultivation of plant cells and tissue requires that the cultures be maintained in a medium which provides nutrition and sustains viability. Examples of commonly used tissue culture media have been reviewed in Huang, L. and T. Murashige, «Plant Tissue Culture Media: Major constituents, their preparation, and some applications» Tissue Culture Association Manual 3:539-548. Tissue Culture Association, Rockville, M.D., (1977) and de Fossard, R.A. Tissue Culture for Plant Propagators, University of Mew England Printery, Armidale, N.S.V7., Australia (1976). This culture maintenance can be promoted in plant organ, tissue, or cell cultures. In somatic embryogenesis culture, somatic plant cells are typically induced to undergo repeated cell divisions on a nutritive culture medium substrate, producing an amorphous cell mass known as callus. The callus can be maintained through subculture to allow mass proliferation. The callus may also be induced to undergo differentiation, which produces the organized tissues and organs of the mature plant. Somatic embryos may also form in culture from other preexisting embryos. The parent embryos may range from the immature globular stage to mature, germinating embryos. Lupotto, E., «Propagation of an embryonic culture of Medicago sativa L.», Zeit. Pflanzenphysiol. 111:95-104 (1983). Thus, somatic embryos may arise from undifferentiated callus or from pre-existing embryos in plant tissue culture.

In this manner, genetic changes may be affected on a cellular or embryo level and then maintained through subsequent development to produce an entire crop with identical genetic characteristics. This allows the plant breeder to bypass the normal genetic barriers in plant reproduction, and obtain a more uniform and advantageous field crop.
Using current technology, it is possible to produce thousands of plants from one gram of cells using the process of somatic embryogenesis. Evans,
D.A., W.R. Sharp, and C.E. Flick, «Growth and behavior of cell cultures: embryogenesis and organogenesis», in Plant Tissue Culture – 1981, T.A. Thorpe, ed., Academic Press, pp. 45-113 (1981). These embryos could be germinated and transferred into the greenhouse or field where mature plants can develop. A plant breeder would use these plants to recover useful genetic variation or to clonally propagate varieties for use in a plant breeding program. Certain techniques are known for determining the quantity and quality of the embryonic tissue obtained through culture of somatic plant parts. The quantity of somatic embryos can be measured by determining the yield of structures associated with the stages of development of the embryo. Fujimura, T., and A.
Komamine, «Synchronization of somatic embryogenesis in a carrot cell suspension culture» Plant Physiology, 64:162-164 (1979); Verma, D.C. and D.K. Dougall, «Influence of carbohydrates on quantitative aspects of growth and embryo formation in wild carrot suspension cultures» Plant Physiology 59:81-85 (1977). This measurement is generally done by counting structures using a dissecting microscope.
Somatic embryo quality can be assessed by various methods. Embryo development is typically determined visually by searching for globular, heart, torpedo and

plantlet stages. Aramirato, P.V., «The effects of abscisic acid on the development of somatic embryos from cells of caraway (Carum carri L.) «Botanical Gazette 135:323-337 (1974). Embryo development or quality can also be determined from the yield of plantlets obtained from individual somatic embryos. Drew, R.L.W., «The development of carrot (Daucus carota L. ) embryoids (derived from cell suspension culture) into plantlets on a sugar-free basal medium» Hoxticultural Research 19:79 (1979). However, plantlet formation is rarely measured despite its importance in determining the yield of functionally useful embryos for field use.
Techniques have been described for improving the quantity or yield of embryos. For example, formation of somatic embryos is known to require a source of ammonium in the culture medium for embryogenesis to occur. Halperin, W. and D.F. Wetherell, «Ammonium requirement for embryogenesis in vitro», Nature 205:519-520 (1965). Walker, K.A., and S.J. Sato,
«Morphogenesis in callus tissue of Medicago sat_iva: the role of ammonium ion in somatic embryogenesis», Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture 1:109-121 (1981). Since most plant cell culture media contain some ammonium, it has been considered important to adjust the ammonium concentration to an appropriate level to achieve high embryo yield and quality. See Walker and Sato, supra, and Wetherell, D.F. and D.K. Dougall, «Sources of nitrogen supporting growth and embryogenesis in cultured wild carrot tissue», Physiologia Plantarum 37:97-103 (1976).
In plant cell culture and in mature plants, ammonium and glutaraine or glutamata can be readily interconverted by the cells. Ojima, K. and K. Ohira, «Nutritional requirements of callus and cell suspension cultures» in Frontiers of Plant Tissue Culture-1978,

T.A. Thorpe, ed., University of Calgary Offset Printing Services, pg. 265-275 (1978); Miflin, B.J. and P.L. Lea, «Ammonium assimilation» in The Biochemistry of Plants, P. Stumpf and E. Conn eds., Academic Press., Vol. 6, pg. 169-201 1980; Dougall, D.K. «Current problems in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism in plant cell cultures», in Plant Tissue Culture and its Biotechnological Application. W. Barz, E. Reinhard, and M.H. Zenk, eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pg. 76-81 (1977)
The perceived proximity of ammonium to glutamine and glutamate in plant metabolism is reflected by the protocols for systematic studies of the effects of amino acids on somatic embryogenesis. Studies using carrot cells have removed ammonium from the plant cell culture medium and tested single amino acids for their effect on somatic embryogenesis. Wetherell and Dougall, supra; Kamada, H. and H. Harada, «Studies on the orqanogenesis in carrot tissue cultures II. Effects of amino acids and inorganic nitrogenous compounds on somatic embryogenesis,» Zeit. Pflansenphysiologie 91:453-463 (1979). Wetherell and Dougall found that amino acid additions did not improve embryogenesis compared to ammonium ion. Kamada and Harada, on the other hand, found that alanine and glutamine act as good reduced nitrogen sources for embryogenesis in the absence of ammonium cr in the absence of ammonium and nitrate. One report has recommended against the use of amino acid additions which were 20 mM or higher (Reinert, J. and M. Tazawa, «Wirkung von
Stickstoffverbindungen und von Auxin auf die Embryogenese in Gewebekulturen,» Planta 37:239 (1969), (Text in German).
The above studies indicate that there is an equivalence among sources of reduced nitrogen, such as ammonium and amino acids. Wetherell and Dougall,

supra; Kamada and Harada, supra. The metabolic equivalence of ammonium and amino acids is further shown by the studies of Tazawa and Reinert (Tazawa, M. and Reinert, J., «Extracellular and intracellular chemical environments in relation to embryogenesis in vitro», Protoplasma 68: 157-173 (1969)). In an investigation of the internal levels of ammonium in carrot cultures undergoing somatic embryogenesis, it was found that the level of ammonium correlated with the amount of embryogenesis in the culture regardless of whether cultures were fed ammonium, amino acid or nitrate. It was concluded that the internal level of NH4 + is the critical factor in stimulating somatic embryogenesis. The internal NH4 + level is derived from either externally supplied NH4 + or amino acids, or by the biological reduction of nitrate to NH4 +. Internally, NH4 + can be converted to organic nitrogen compounds to supply amino acids for normal cell requirements, Tazawa and Reinert, suora. Hence amino acids are believed to act by releasing ammonium, which stimulates embryogenesis.
Factors which have been noted to improve embryo development are abscisic acid, zeatin, gibberellic acid, high sucrose concentrations and light. Ammirato, P.V. and F.C. Steward, «Seme effects of environment on the development of embryos from cultured free cells», Botanical Gazette 132:149-153 (1971); Ammirato, P.V., «Hormonal control of somatic embryo development from cultured cells of caraway. Interactions of abscisic acid, zeatin and gibberellic acid», Plant Physiology 59: 379-586 (1977). The effect of ammonium and amino acids on embryo quality is not known to have been recognized. Ammirato, P.V., «The regulation of somatic embryo development in plant cell cultures: Suspension culture techniques and hormone requirements», Bio/Technology 1:63-74 (1983).

In addition, conversion frequency, as a measure of embyro quality, has heretofore not been recognized or used systematically to improve embryo development. Embryo maturation has been determined by visual assessment of embryo morphology, but this method does not measure the frequency of plant formation from inαividual embryos.
Therefore it is an object of this invention to provide methods and materials to increase the quantity and quality of somatic embryos produced from plant tissue.
It is a further object of this invention to provide optimized sources of reduced nitrogen for somatic embryogenesis. It is yet another object of this invention to provide methods and materials allowing mass propagation of numerous species of plants through somatic embryogenesis.
It is a still further object of this invention to provide methods and materials for a generation of numerous viable somatic embryos with identical genetic and nhenotypic traits.
Other objects, advantages, and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description and the accompanying examples.
Disclosure of the Invention
This invention provides novel and improved methods and materials for producing numerous high quality somatic embryos from plant tissue by the addition of optimal amounts of amino acids and sources of reduced nitrogen. One aspect of the present invention provides a plant cell culture medium which comprises a medium with a source of ammonium ion, together with an addition of at least one amino acid selected from the group consisting of proline, aianine, arginine,

glutamine, asparagine, serine, ornithine, glutamate and the amides, alkyl esters and dipeptidyl derivatives thereof in an amount sufficient to increase the number or quality of somatic embryos produced, compared to the embryos produced in culture media without such addition.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a plant cell culture medium substantially free of ammonium ion, further comprising an addition to the medium of at least one amino acid selected from the group consisting of proline, arginine, asparagine, ornithine, lysine and the amides, alkyl esters and dipeptidyl derivatives thereof in an amount sufficient to substantially increase the number or quality of somatic embryos produced, comnarad to the embryos produced in culture media without such addition.
Also provided are methods for using the media of the present invention.
Brief Description of ths Drawing The single drawing is a graphic representation of the increase in number of somatic embryos produced as a function of the concentration of amino acids added to the medium.
Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention The present invention provides methods for enhanced quantity and quality of embryos produced from plant somatic tissue by providing a medium for culturing said cells and tissue which contains a sufficient amount of selected amino acids to stimulate somatic embrσgenesis.
The present invention also provides for such enhanced quantity and quality by providing a medium for culturing such cells and tissue which contains selected amino acids toαether with sources of ammonium ion in

amounts sufficient to stimulate the quantity and quality of somatic embryos. Also provided is a method for using such plant tissue culture medium.
While it has previously been believed that amino acids served as simple equivalents to the desired ammonium media component, it has surprisingly been found that amino acids can serve as replacement for ammonium ion which enhance the production of somatic embryos over the equivalent concentrations of ammonium. It has also been surprisingly found that selected amino acids together with an additional source of ammonium ion can provide substantially increased benefits which would not be predicted from a simple additive effect of increased ammonium ion concentration. It has been found that a medium which contained an amino acid selected from the group consisting of πroline, argmine, lysine, asoaragine, ornithine, and the amidds, alkyl esters and dipeptidyl derivatives of these aπino acids, which medium is substantially free of ammonium ion, provides enhanced quantity and quality of somatic embryos derived from the cultured somatic tissue.
It has also been found that a medium containing ammonium ion and at least one amino acid selected from the group consisting of proline, aianine, arginine, glutamine, lysine, asparagine, serine, ornithine, gluatamate and the amides, alkyl esthers and dipeptidyl derivatives of these amino acids in an amount sufficient to stimulate embryogenesis or embryo conversion can provide similar embryo enhancements. It has been surprisingly discovered that the medium of the present invention provides increased yield of somatic embryos from callus tissue over the typical media used heretofore in the induction, regeneration and maintenance of embryonic tissue. In each stage of these embryogenic procedures, a far

greater yield of embryonic tissue can be attained using the media of the present invention than the results previously provided. Furthermore, the advantages obtained through the practice of the present invention have been achieved in a variety of useful plant species including alfalfa, celery, cotton, corn and rice.
Plant cell culture media which can be improved by the practice of the present invention include previously known plant tissue culture media such as those reviewed in Huang, L. and T. Murashige, supra, and in Cloning agricultural plants via in vitro techniques, B.V. Conger, ed., CRC Press, Inc. pp. 172 et sea., the disclosures and formulae of which are incorporated herein by reference. In general, plant culture media provide plant nutrients, sources of energy such as sugar, plant hormones and buffered salts to control the pH and osmotic balance of an aqueous solution.
Representative of such plant cell culture media is the medium known as Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) medium, Schenk, R.U. and A.C. Hildebrandt, «Medium and techniques for induction and growth of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant ceil cultures». Can. J. Bot., 50:199 (1972), the disclosures and formulae of which are incorporated herein by reference. As used hereinafter, hormone-free SH medium is the medium disclosed therein including the major salts, vitamins and sucrose, but without the 2,4-D, pCPA and kinetin. Alternatively, the medium known as Murashige and Skoog (MS), Murashige, T. and F. Skoog, «A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with Tobacco tissue cultures», Physioiogia Planta., 15:473-497 (1962) can be employed in place of SH medium. The disclosures and formulae of this reference are also incorporated herein by this reference. As used hereinafter, hormone-free MS medium is the medium

disclosed therein including the major salts, vitamins and sucrose, but without the indole-3-acetic acid and kinetin.
The selection of the basic plant cell culture medium to be utilized in the practice of the present invention will be dictated, in part, by the species of plant somatic tissue selected, and is considered to be within the ordinary skill of one experienced in the tissue culture of plant cells and the practice of somatic embryogenesis.
Numerous important crop and horticultural species have been shown to be capable of propagation through tissue culture and somatic embryogenesis. These varieties include, but are not limited to:

For a more exhaustive list of species capable of somatic embryogenesis, see Evans, D. A. et al. and Behavior of Cell Cultures: Embryogenesis and Organogenesis» in Plant Tissue Culture: Methods and Applications in Agriculture, Thorpe, ed., Academic Press, page 45 et seq. (1981), the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by this reference.
Numerous amino acids are known in the prior art which, with certain exceptions, have the common feature of a free carboxyl group and a free unsubs tituted amino group in the α-carbon atom. Proline is a notable

exception, since the α-amino group of proline is substituted so that it is in reality an α-imino acid.
Amino acids can be divided generally into protein and nonprctein amino acids wherein protein amino acids include the 20 most commonly recognized. These amino acids include four subgroups: Those with nonpolar or hyrophobic substitutions, including alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, phenylalanme, tryptophan and methionine; amino acids with uncharged polar R groups including serine, threonine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine and, presumably, glycine; amino acids with negatively charged R groups including aspartic acid and glutamic acid; and amino acids with positively charged R groups including lysine, arginine, and, presumably, histidine.
In addition to the 20 common amino acids, there are numerous others which appear rarely or not at all in proteins. Hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline are rarely found and only in fibrous proteins. Also, over 150 other amino acids are known to occur in different cells and tissues, in free or combined from, which include most commonly citrulline and ornithine, which are intermediates in the synthesis of arginine, as well as numerous β, γ and Δ forms of the common amino acids. In addition to the basic amino acid structures discussed above, amino acids can be modified in numerous ways without altering their ability to function in the present invention. Among these alterations include the formation of amino acid amides and amino acid alkyl esters by the addition of amino and carboxy groups respectively. In addition, dipeptidyl derivatives of the amino acids can be formed by linking two amino acids through the α-carboxy group and α-amino group. It will be readily appreciated that each pair of amino acids will have two potential dipeotidyl derivatives.

Also of importance to the present invention is the provision of a source of ammonium ion (NH4 +) to supplement the amino acid-containing media of the present invention. Sources of ammonium ion are also well known in the art of plant tissue culture.
Typically, such ammonium ion is provided by way of the inclusion in the medium of a quantity of non-toxic salt of ammonium, formed with an anion which balances the ammonium ion charge, e.g., ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate or ammonium sulphate. Other sources of ammonium ion are disclosed in Walker, K. A. and S. J. Sato, «Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture» 1: 109-121 (1981), a the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by this reference. The following examples are provided in order to illustrate various aspects of the present invention. The examples should not be taken as implying any limitation to the scope of the present invention, which is defined exclusively the claims appended hereto.
Experimental
In general, the methods utilized to practice somatic embryogenesis with plant cell and tissue cultures are well known and require only slight modification for adaptation to a selected plant species. See, for example. Plant Tissue Culture:
Methods and Applications in Agriculture, Thorpe, ed., supra (1981), the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by this reference.
For example, alfalfa, embryogenesis can be routinely induced in the Regen S line of Saunders and Bingham, «Production of Alfalfa Plants from Callus Tissue,» Crop Sci., 12:804-803 (1972).
Plants of Medicago sativa cultivar Regen S derived from the second cycle recurrent selection for regeneration from the cross of the varieties Vernal and

Saranac were used. Callus was initiated by surface sterilizing petioles with 50% CloroxR for five minutes, washing with H2O and plating on hormone-free SH medium, containing the salts, vitamins and sucrose of Schenk- Hildebrandt medium (Schenk, R.U. and A. C. Hildebrandt, supra, (1972)). The medium contained 25 μM α- naphthyleneacetic acid and 10 μM kinetin and 0.8% (w/v) agar (termed maintenance medium). Callus which formed on the explant tissue was separated from the remaining uncallused tissue and repeatedly subcultured on maintenance medium. Callus was subcultured at 3 week intervals and grown under indirect light at 27° C.
Three to nine grams of callus was collected at 17 to 24 days post-subculture from plates of maintenance medium and transferred to 100 ml of liquid SH containing 50 μM 2,4-dichiorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 5 μM kinetin (3) for induction. Walker, K. A., M. L. wendeln and E. G. Jaworski, Plant Sci. Lett. 16 :23-20 (1979). Cells were cultured in 500 ml flasks for 3 days at 27°C on an orbital shaker at 100 R.P.M. under indirect light.
Induced ceils were asceptically sized on a series of column sieves (Fisher Scientific) under gentle vacuum. Cell clumps either fell or were forced through a 35 mesh (480 μm) and collected on a 60 mesh (230 um) through stainless steel screen. Cells retained on the 60 mesh screen were washed with 500 ml of SK minus hormone medium for every 100 ml of induction culture volume. The washing medium was removed by vacuum. The fresh weight of the cell clumps was taken and cells were resuspended in SH medium without hormones at 150mg fresh weight per ml. Seventy-five mg (0.5ml) of resuspended cells were pipeted onto approximately 10 ml of agar solidified medium in 60mm x 15 mm petri dishes. Alternatively, somatic embryogenesis in suspension culture will occur if 300 mg (2ml) of resuspended cells

are delivered to 8 ml of hormone-free liquid SH medium contained in a 50 ml erlenmeyer flask. The embryogenesis media contained SH medium (NH4 + equal to 2.6mM) with 3% (w/v) sucrose without hormones. Ammonium ion free medium was made by substituting an equivalent amount of NaH2PO4 for the NH4H2PO4 + of SH.
The 25mM NH4 + control medium consisted of ammonium free medium supplemented with 12.5mM (NH4)2SO4. All organic and inorganic sources of reduced nitrogen were sterilized by 0.2 μm filtration and subsequently added to freshly autoclaved medium.
Each treatment was generally plated in 10 replicates. Dishes were parafilm wrapped and incubated for 21 days. Suspension flasks were foam plugged, sealed with Saran Wrap® and incubated for 14 days on an orbital shaker at 100 rpm. Incubation was at 27°C under 12 hour illumination from cool white fluorescent tubes at 23 cm from solidified cultures or 200 cm from suspension cultures. Embryogenesis was visually measured after incubation by counting green centers of organization on the callus using a stereo microscope at a magnification of 10X. Embryo size was measured using a calibrated ocular scale at 10X magnification. Embryo shape was determined by visual examination. Conversion of embryos to whole plants with root and shoot axis ( first primary leaf) was done by aseptically transferring embryos from amino acid treatments at 21 days of initial culture to half-strength hormone-free SH medium supplemented with 25 μM gibberelic acid and 0.25 uM α- naphthyleneacetic acid solidified with 0.3% agar.
1. Somatic Embrvogeneβis in Media Containing
Ammonium A. Leguminosae somatic cell culture As a representative of the Leguminosae family, alfalfa tissue, Medicaco sativa, Regen S was cultured

as outlined above and assayed for somatic embryogenesis in culture medium containing 2.6 mM ammonium in accordance with the present invention. All protein amino acids were tested at between 1 and 100 mM concentrations. Two response types emerged from this initial screen and based on these results further tests with sieved cells were performed. Table 2 excludes amino acids of the first response type, those which were found to be toxic to growth or inhibitory to embryogenesis compared to the SH-medium (2.6mM NH4 +) control. These amino acids included the sulfur and aromatic and most of the branched chain family. None of these amino acids stimulated embryogenesis over the SH medium control and all were toxic, in that they inhibited growth or caused browning of the callus either at 1 or 10 mM.
The second response type from the initial screen either stimulated embryogenesis or caused an increase in embryo size when compared to the SH control. See Table 2. Detailed concentration dependence studies were performed on these amino acids and the results are shown in Figure 1. The amino acid most effective in stimulating somatic embryo formation was proline, which yielded nearly 3-fold more embryos than the 2.6 mM NH4 + control and was twice as effective as 25 mM NH4 + , the optimal ammonium concentration in alfalfa (D).
(Walker, et al., supra). Alanine, arginine, glutamine and lysine were all less effective but stimulated embryo formation to approximately the level of 23 mM NH4 +. Serine and asparagine shewed less stimulation of embryogenesis compared to the SH control, but increased embryo size.
Table 2 summarizes the amino acids and other nitrogen sources which have been found to be stimulatory to somatic embryogenesis in alfalfa. It is imocrtant to note that the ester and amide forms of

proline are highly active in stimulating embryo numbers and quality as is the dipeptide, prolyl alanine. It is interesting to note that the nonprotein amino acid ornithine is also active.

Using the techniques described above, embryo quality was measured by visual inspection of the embryo size. The data is presented in Table 3.

Based on the data of Table 2 and Table 3, the effectiveness of the amino acid additives in improving embryo size can be ranked in the following order:
Arginine ≥ glutamine > alanine > proline > NH4 +.
Using the techniques described above, the conversion of embryos to whole plants with root and shoot axis (first primary leaf) was observed and tabulated. The results are as follows:

Based on the data of Table 4, the effectiveness of an additive on the conversion of embryos to plantlets is as follows:

Glutamine > alanine > arginine > proline > NH4 +
From the correlation between these sets of data it is shown that embryo size is a good indicator of embryo conversion to plantlets and thus a good indicator of the quality of embryos produced by a given technique. The optimal amounts of added amino acids were determined for the stimulation of somatic embryogenesis on both agar solidified cultures and liquid suspension cultures. These data are presented in Tables 5 and 6 as follows:

3. Umbelliferae somatic cell culture As a representative of the Umbelliferae family, seeds of celery, Apium graveolens (variety Calmario) were germinated for one to two weeks. The resulting seedlings were sterilized with a solution of 10% CloroχR for 20 minutes. Cotyledons or hypocotyls were removed and explants were placed on 0.3% agar solidified hormone-free SH medium containing 25 μM 2,4-D and 5 μM benzyladenine. After initiation of callus (3-4 weeks), callus was transferred to SH medium with 2.5 μM 2,4-D and 0.5 μM kinetin. Heat labile additives were filter sterilized and added to warm medium. When required, specific amounts of tissue for innoculation were obtained using a modified spatula device and filling this to uniform volume. Subsequent subcultures of callus were on SH medium plus 1 μM picloram and 0.5 μM benzyladenine. For somatic embryo production 75 mg of callus cells was transferred to 0.8% agar solidified hormone-free SH medium containing

filter sterilized additives and incubated for 13 to 30 days at 24°C under the same conditions as alfalfa.
Amino acids proline, alanine and glutamine were compared against NH4 + control-treated embryos. Treating cultures with 50 mM alanine resulted in higher frequency embryogenesis than all other treatments, as well as embryos which had better cotyledons, root and primary leaf development than other cultures. The following order of total embryo numbers formed was observed:
20-100 mM alanine > 50 mM proline >
25 mM glutamine-N > 25 mM NH4 +
Although proline stimulated embryogenesis better than glutamine, the latter resulted in better development of seedling-like embryos. Ammonium treated cultures developed smaller and fewer embryos than all other treatments. Glutamic acid, when added singly to celery regeneration medium at 30 mM, stimulates embryo number in celery compared to 25 mM NH4 + – treated inaterial. Alanine, proline, glutamine and glutamate at the above concentrations improve celery embryo conversion to plantlets compared to NH4 + treated embryos.
C. Gramineae Somatic Cell Culture As a species representative of the Gramineae family, Zea mays somatic embryogenesis was performed employing media in accordance with the present invention.
Ears of corn at ten days post fertilization were harvested and immature embryos were dissected from these asepticallv. Embryos were placed onto N-6 mineral salt medium (Chu, C.C., Wang, C.C., Sun, C.S.,

Hsu, C. , Yin, K.C. and Chu, C.Y., 1975. Establishment of an efficient medium for anther culture of rice through comparative experiments on the nitrogen sources. Sci. Sin. 16 , 659-688) plus 3% sucrose and 5 μM 2,4-D for 21 days. After incubation callus was scored for formation of embryo masses on each callus formed while in the presence or absence of L-proline. The results were as indicated in Table 7, where, the percent response is the average frequency of embryo formation of between 287 and 1165 replicate embryo explants.

As a further example of somatic embryogenesis involving the Gramineae, the rice species Qryza sativa was regenerated in accordance with the practice of the present invention.
Seeds of Qryza sativa were dehusked, surface sterilized and placed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts (Murashige, T. and F. Skoog. (1962), supra) plus 4% sucrose, 0.26 mM tryptophan, 5 μM 2,4-D, 1 μM kinetin, pH 6.2 with 2.5g/l Geirita as a gelling agent. After 15 to 21 days individual seeds were scored for embryo formation on the scutellar region of the seed with a

dissecting microscope. Treatments treated with and without L-proline are noted in Table 8.

D. Malvaceae Somatic Cell Culture As an example of the practice of the present invention in plant somatic tissue of the Malvaceae family, cultures of two cotton species were regenerated in media prepared in accordance with the present disclosure.
Gossypium hirsutum. Cultures initiated from surface sterilized seed of Gossypium hirsutum were subcultured on Murashige and Skoog salts plus 3% sucrose and 0.5 μM NAA, 5 μM 2-isopentanyIadenine with 0.3% agar medium for four week subcultures. Cultures were induced for 10 days to form embryos on medium containing either 0.5 μM 2,4-D plus 0.2 μM kinetin or 1 μM MAA and 0.5 uM kinetin with or without proline in liquid suspension culture. Cells were then transferred to hormone-free SH medium with 3% sucrose and 10 mM L- glutamine for regeneration. After four weeks cultures

were evaluated for formation of embryos with mature cotyledons. The results were as indicated in Table 9.

Gossypium klotzschianum. Cultures initiated from surface sterilized seed were subcultured on Murashige and Skoog salts, 3% sucrose, 0.5 μM NAA and 5 μM 2- isooantanyladenine. «Callus was suspended for 10 days in MS salts, 3% sucrose and 0.2 μM picloram prior to regeneration for 21 days on hormone-free medium with added L-glutamme. The results were as indicated in Table 10.

2. Amino Acid Interaction With Sources of Ammonium
Ion
Cells were induced, sieved and plated as in the above experiments. The concentrations of proline or arαinine and NH4 + were varied to determine if the optimum concentration for any additive alone was influenced by the presence of the additional additive.
1. Proline: Proline was tested over a range of
30 mM to 300 mM where the amount of added NH4 + varied between 0 and 25 mM. The results are indicated in Table 11.
2. Arginine: A similar experiment where the concentration of arginine was varied in addition to the concentration of NH4 + added to the medium. The results are shown in Table 11.

It is seen in each case that a synergistic effect resulted when the optimum amounts of arginine or proline and optimum amounts of NH4 + were added.
In a repeat of a portion of the Example portrayed in Table 11, various concentrations of NH4 + and L- proline were tested for their effect on somatic embryo quantity and conversion to plantlets.

It is seen that proline plus ammonium media improve embryo quantity and that proline improves embryo quality in the presence of high or low ammonium.
3. Amino Acid Additions to Media
Substantially Free of Ammonium Ion Alfalfa cells were induced and plated as in the above examples, except that NH4 + was deleted from the media formulation. A range of amino acid concentrations was tested for their effect on somatic embryogenesis and the results are summarized in Table 13.

In the substantial absence of NH4 + , the above amino acids are shewn to stimulate somatic embryogenesis as the sole reduced nitrogen source in culture media. In addition, with the exception of ornithine, substantial improvements in the quality of the produced embryos, as determined by size, shape and degree of maturation, were obtained by the above additions throughout the stated concentration ranges.
4. Combinations of Amino Acids
The following Table shows the effect of adding combinations of amino acids to alfalfa cultures in the absence of NH4 +. Combinations of amino acids have a synergistic effect en embryo numbers.

The largest and highest quality embryos were observed in treatments containing proline combined with other amino acids.
Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be obvious to one skilled in the art that certain chances and modifications may be practiced within the scene of the aooended claims.

Claims (25)

Claims

1. A plant cell culture medium used for the induction, regeneration or maintenance of plant somatic embryonic tissue, comprising a medium containing a source of ammonium ion, together with an addition to the medium of at least one amino acid selected from the group consisting of proline, alanine, arginine, glutamine, asparagine, serine, ornithine, glutamate and the amides, alkyl esters and dipeptidyl derivatives thereof in an amount sufficient to increase the number or quality of somatic embryos produced, compared to the embryos produced in culture media without such addition.

2. A medium in accordance with claim 1, wherein at least proline, its amides, alkyl esters or dipeptidyl derivatives containing proline is added in an amount sufficient to provide a final concentration of approximately 6 to 300 mM in the medium.

3. A medium in accordance with claim 1, wherein at least alanine its amides, alkyl esters or dipeptidyl derivatives containing alanine is added in an amount sufficient to provide a final concentration of approximately 10 to 200 mM in the medium.

4. A medium in accordance with claim 1, wherein at least arginine, its amides, alkyl esters or dipeptidyl derivatives containing arginine is added in an amount sufficient to provide a final concentration of approximately 15 to 75 mM in the medium.

5. A medium in accordance with claim 1, wherein at least glutamine, its amides, alkyl esters or dipeptidyl derivatives containing glutamine is added in an amount sufficient to provide a final concentration of approximately 20 to 50 mM in the medium.

6. A medium in accordance with claim 1, wherein at least lysine, its amides, alkyl esters or dipeptidyl derivatives containing lysine is added in an amount sufficient to provide a final concentration of approximately 1 to 10 mM in the medium.

7. A medium in accordance with claim 1, wherein at least asparagine, its amides, alkyl esters or dipeptidyl derivatives containing asparagine is added in an amount sufficient to provide a final concentration of approximately 0.5 to 3 mM in the medium.

8. A medium in accordance with claim 1, wherein a’t least serine, its amides, alkyl esters or dioeptidyl derivatives containing serine is added in an amount sufficient to provide a final concentration of approximately 0.5 to 2 mM in the medium.

9. A medium in accordance with claim 1, wherein at least ornithine, its amides, alkyl esters or dipeptidyl derivatives containing ornithine is added in an amount sufficient to provide a final concentration of approximately 1 to 3 mM in the medium.

10. A medium in accordance with claim 1, wherein at least glutamate, its amides, alkyl esters or dipeptidyl derivatives containing glutamate is added in an amount sufficient to provide a final concentration of approximately 15 to 40 mM in the medium.

11. A medium ia accordance with claim 1, wherein at least L-proiine amide, or dipeptidyl derivatives containing L-proline amide, is added in an amount sufficient to provide a final concentration of approximately 30 to 200 mM in the medium.

12. A medium in accordance with claim 1, wherein at least L-proline methyl ester or dipeptidyl derivatives containing L-proline methyl ester is added in an amount sufficient to provide a final concentration of approximately 5 to 25 mM in the medium.

13. A medium in accordance with claim 1, wherein at least L-prolyl-L-alanine is added in an amount sufficient to provide a final concentration of approximately 30 to 200 mM in the medium.

14. In a plant cell culture medium used for the induction, regeneration or maintenance of plant somatic embryonic tissue, which medium is substantially free of ammonium ion, the improvement comprising an addition to the medium of at least one amino acid selected from the group consisting of proline, arginine, asparagine, ornithine, lysine and the amides, alkyl esters and dipeptidyl derivatives thereof in an amount sufficient to substantially increase the number or quality of somatic embryos produced, compared to embryos produced in culture madia without such addition.

15. A medium in accordance with claim 14, wherein at least proline, its amides, alkyl esters or dipeptidyl derivatives containing proline is added in an amount sufficient to provide a final concentration of approximately 6 to 300 mM in the medium.

16. A medium in accordance with claim 14, wherein at least arginine, its amides, alkvl esters or dipeptidyl derivatives containing arginine is added in an amount sufficient to provide a final concentration of approximately 15 to 100 mM in the medium.

17. A medium in accordance with claim 14, wherein at least lysine, its amides, alkyl esters or dipeptidyl derivatives containing lysine is added in an amount sufficient to provide a final concentration of approximately 1 to 10 mM in the medium.

18. A medium in accordance with claim 14, wherein at least asparagine, its amides, alkyl esters or dipeptidyl derivatives containing asparagine is added in an amount sufficient to provide a final concentration of approximately 1 to 100 mM iri the medium.

19. A medium in accordance with claim 14, wherein at least ornithine, its amides, alkyl esters or dipeptidyl derivatives containing ornithine is added in an amount sufficient to provide a final concentration of approximately 0.3 to 3 mM in the medium.

20. A medium in accordance with claim 14, wherein at least L-proline amide, or dipeptidyl derivatives containing L-proline amide, is added in an amount sufficient to provide a final concentration of approximately 30 to 200 mM in the medium.

21. A medium in accordance with claim 14, wherein at least L-proline methyl ester or dipeptidyl derivatives containing L-proline methyl ester is added in an amount sufficient to provide a final concentration of approximately 5 to 25 mM in the medium.

22. A medium in accordance with claim 14, wherein at least L-prolyl-L-alanine is added in an amount sufficient to provide a final concentration of approximately 30 to 200 mM in the medium.

23. A medium in accordance with any of claims 1 or 14, wherein the plant cell culture medium is selected from the group consisting of Schenk- Hildebrandt medium and Murashige and Skoog medium.

24. A method of producing embryos by somatic embryogenesis from cultured plant tissue comprising culturing induced plant somatic tissue in the medium of claim 1 during the induction, regeneration or maintenance phases of somatic embryogenesis; and thereafter recovering somatic embryos from said plant culture medium.

25. A method of producing embryos by somatic embryogenesis from cultured plant tissue comorising culturing induced plant somatic tissue in the medium of claim 14 during the induction, regeneration or maintenance phases of somatic embryogenesis; and thereafter recovering somatic embryos from said plant culture medium.

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Methods and media for enhanced somatic embryogenesis

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