AU1057788A – Molecular cloning and expression of human il-3
– Google Patents
AU1057788A – Molecular cloning and expression of human il-3
– Google Patents
Molecular cloning and expression of human il-3
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Publication number
AU1057788A
AU1057788A
AU10577/88A
AU1057788A
AU1057788A
AU 1057788 A
AU1057788 A
AU 1057788A
AU 10577/88 A
AU10577/88 A
AU 10577/88A
AU 1057788 A
AU1057788 A
AU 1057788A
AU 1057788 A
AU1057788 A
AU 1057788A
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AU
Australia
Prior art keywords
human
protein
pgb
sequence
host cell
Prior art date
1986-12-16
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AU10577/88A
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AU617095B2
(en
Inventor
Lambertus Christiaan Johannes Dorssers
Robert Willem Van Leen
Yvonne Johanna Vos
Gerard Wagemaker
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Koninklijke DSM NV
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Gist Brocades NV
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1986-12-16
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1987-12-16
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1988-07-15
1987-12-16
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Gist Brocades NV
1988-07-15
Publication of AU1057788A
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patent/AU1057788A/en
1991-11-21
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1991-11-21
Publication of AU617095B2
publication
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patent/AU617095B2/en
1999-02-25
Assigned to DSM N.V.
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DSM N.V.
Alteration of Name(s) in Register under S187
Assignors: GIST-BROCADES N.V.
2007-12-16
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Classifications
C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
C07K—PEPTIDES
C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
C07K16/24—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against cytokines, lymphokines or interferons
C07K16/244—Interleukins [IL]
A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
C07K—PEPTIDES
C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
C07K14/52—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
C07K14/54—Interleukins [IL]
C07K14/5403—IL-3
A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
Abstract
A cDNA encoding human interleukin-3, also designated herein hIL-3 or hmulti-CSF, has been disposed in expression systems and caused to produce hIL-3 substantially free of impurities normally accompanying this protein as it is produced $i(inter alia) by peripheral blood lymphocytes in nature. The resulting hIL-3 can be produced in practical amounts and is useful in a variety of therapeutic and diagnostic protocols.
Description
MOLECULAR CLONING AND EXPRESSION OF HUMAN IL-3
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to cDNA encoding humam interleukin-3 (hIL-3) and its use, inter alia, in the cloning and expression in various organisms, including microorganisms, in particular yeasts, bacteria and fungi, tissue culture cells and transgenic animals and plants.
Background of the Invention
Hemopoiesis involves the active process of proliferation and differentation of pluripotent progenitor cells into all types of mature blood cells and some specialized tissue cells. Production of functional blood cells is regulated by specific proteins, the hemopoietic growth factors (HGFs). Some of the HGFs control maturation of a specific maturation lineage, whereas others stimulate proliferation and differentiation of progenitors along multiple pathways. Much of our knowledge of the hemopoietic differentiation process has been obtained from mouse studies in vitro and in vivo, using purified growth factors. The murine growth factor interleukin-3 (mIL-3), also termed Multi- CSF, mast cell growth factor, stem cell activating factor or several other designations, stimulates the proliferation of developmentally early, multipotent cells (CFU-S) as detected by the spleen colony assay, resulting in the production of progenitor cells along the erythroid, megacaryocyte, granulocyte/macrophage, osteoblast and several other lineages. Furthermore, mIL-3 has been implicated in replication of pluripotent stem cells, probably in synergism with other HGFs. In recent years, several groups have succeeded in cloning mIL-3 cDNA. No results have been reported sofar of identifying homologous sequences in human DNA using mIL-3 DNA
as a probe. Presumably, the human gene has diverged extensively from the mIL-3 gene or has lost its function during primate evolution. However, human leukocytes were found to produce a HGF(s ) which can replace mIL-3 in supporting the proliferation of murine CFU-S. Thus, the existence of a human HGF was postulated, which shares biological properties with mIL-3 and therefore could be the human homolog. Yang, Y-C, et al, cell (1986) 47:3-10, dated 10 October discloses cDNA encoding a protein having IL-3 like activity from gibbon T- cells, and retrieval of a genomic DNA which encodes the human counterpart. The sequence of a cDNA encoding human IL-3 can be deduced from the human gene sequence published by Yang et al. However, said article does neither disclose nor teach a method for isolation of a cDNA encoding human IL-3, nor was the production of hIL-3 achieved. This invention describes for the first the isolation of a cDNA comprising the entire coding sequence for human IL-3.
Human IL-3 protein has never been prepared in purified form, nor have its characteristics, other than its activity in certain in vitro proliferation assays and deduced primary structure, been disclosed. The present invention permits the recovery of purified human IL-3, and identification of its characteristics through recombinant production from a cDNA clone.
Summary of the Invention
As stated above, the present invention for the time describes the isolation of a cDNA comprising the entire coding sequence for human IL-3. The low degree of homology between the DNA sequences coding for murine and human IL-3 does not permit the retrieval of a cDNA for hIL-3 by hybridization with the mIL-3 coding sequence. Unexpectedly, the hIIι-3 cDNA clone could be isolated by exploiting the rather high degree of homology in the 3′ noncoding part of the cDNA’s. The availability of the cDNA clone permits the production of hIL-3 by a wide range of host organisms. Subsequent to large scale production the protein may be purified and used therapeutically.
The present invention permits production of recombinant human IL-3 protein in a wide range of host cells by transcription and translation from a cDNA sequence encoding the human IL-3 protein. The production of the protein is illustrated in several hosts, including E. coli, COS cells, C127 cells, B. subtilis and B. licheniformis, S. cerevisiae and K. lactis, hereinbelow. Production in other hosts using appropriate expression systems is also made possible by provision of the intronless cDNA. More generally, the availability of antihuman IL-3 antibodies which permit identification of colonies exhibiting successful production of the recombinant protein aids in production of human IL-3 from any recombinant system.
In one aspect, therefore, the invention is directed to a recombinant, intronless, DNA encoding human IL-3 protein.
In another aspect, it is directed to expression systems capable of effecting the expression of said DNA sequence encoding hIL-3 in an appropriate host.
In other aspects, the invention is directed to recombinant human IL-3 protein in glycosylated or unglycosylated form, to human IL-3 free of substances normally accompanying said protein, and to antibodies specifically reactive with these recombinant or purified proteins.
Brief Description of the Drawings
Figure 1 shows a comparison of DNA and protein sequences of human multi-CSF and mouse IL-3. The hmulti-CSF protein and DNA sequence (clone Dll, top lines) were aligned with the mIL-3 DNA (11, 35) and protein sequence (30). Identical nucleotides are indicated by a vertical line, identical amino acids are shown in boxes. Black dots indicate a polyadenylation signal sequence and horizontal bars mark ATTTA repeat units. Figure 2 shows the construction of plasmid pLB4 containing human IL-3 cDNA. E = EcoRI, Sm = Smal, B = BamHI, S = SstI, K = KpnI.
Figure 3 shows the biological activity of COS/pLB4
CM on human bone marrow progenitors. The mean numbers of erythroid (BFU-E), granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM), granulocyte (CFU-G), eosinophil (CFU-Eo), macrophage (CFU-M) and mixed (CFU-MIX) colonies (+SD) are shown for duplicate cultures stimulated with graded volumes of C0S/pLB4 CM.
Figure 4 shows induction of AML proliferation by COS/pLB4 CM as assessed in a colony culture assay (panel A) and in a DNA synthesis ( 3H-TdR incorporation) assay (panel B). Figure 5 shows a construction diagram of the E. coli expression vectors pGB/lL-301, GB/IL-302, pGB/lL-303, pGB/lL-304, pGB/lL-305 and pGB/lL-306. In this Figure X stands for Xhol, E for EcoRI, B for BamHI and A for Aval site.
Figure 6 shows the sequence of the multicloning site in ρTZ18R (Pharmacia) and its derivative pTl. Figure 7 shows a schematic presentation of hmulti-
CSF expression clones. For the eucaryote expression plasmids pLB4 and pLHl only the hmulti-CSF cDNA insert is shown. Leader peptide
and mature hmulti-CSF protein
coding regions are indicated in boxes. Bacterial expression clones of hmulti-CSF (derived from pLHl) contain the lacZ and multi-linker protein coding region
the 5′ terminal noncoding region of hmulti-CSF
and the hmulti-CSF coding region. The arrow marks the ATG startcodon used in the particular vector. Figure 8 shows the sequences of fusion regions of lacZ/hmulti-CSF DNA for various bacterial expression vectors. The sequence of clones is given from the start of the lacZ protein in either pUC8 or pTZ18R (lower case letters) and of hmulti-CSF DNA sequence up to the Clal site at position 158. Mutations in the hmulti-CSF DNA sequence are underlined, resulting in: trp13→arg13 (pGB/lL-302); leu9→ pro9 and trp13→ arg13 (pGB/lL-303); met3 → thr3 and a silent change (pGB/lL-304). The superscripts denote the amino acid residue number of the mature protein. Figure 9 shows polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis of bacterial hmulti-CSF produced from bacteria containing pGB/lL 301 and pGB/lL-302.
Figure 10 shows the titration of hmulti-CSF fusion
protein on AML blast cells.
Figure 11 shows a Uestern blot demonstrating the IL- 3 specific reaction of rabbit antisera raised against the 21 kd protein isolated from a lysate of E. coli transformed with pGB/lL-301.
Figure 12 shows the effect of the antisera of Figure 11 on IL-3 activity.
Figure 13 shows a schematic representation of plasmid pGB/lL-307. The box
indicates the human IL-3 coding sequence. The N-terminal amino acids of the fusion protein are depicted below the drawing.
Figure 14 shows a schematic representation of plasmid pGB/lL-308. The nucleotide sequence of the promoter region is depicted below the drawing. Figure 15 shows the construction of plasmid pGB/lL-
309. The first box
( ) indicates a part of the human IL-3 sequence, viz. the signal sequence plus 20 amino acids of the mature protein. The other box
indicates part of the 3′ noncoding region of the IL-3 cDNA sequence. Figure 16 is a schematic representation of plasmid pGB/lL-310.
Figure 17 shows the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pBHAl.
Figure 18 shows the construction of the plasmids pGB/lL-311 and pGB/lL-312. The box
indicates the precursor human IL-3 coding region.
Figure 19 shows the construction of the plasmid pGB/lL-313. The sequence at the 5′ side of the IL-3 sequence is depicted below the drawings. Figure 20 shows a schematic representation of plasmid pGB/lL-317.
Figure 21 shows a schematic representation of plasmid pGB/lL-316.
Figure 22 shows the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pGB/lL-316 between the unique SacII site in the lactase promoter and the HindIII site behind the terminator (residues 4457 to 7204).
Figure 23 shows the nucleotide sequence of plasmid
pGB/lL-318 between the unique SacII site in the lacatse promoter and the Hindlll site behind the terminator (residues 4457 to 7190).
Figure 24 shows the nucleotide sequence of the EF-1α promoter, Sall-Bglll-Xhol linker and actin terminator as present on plasmid pGB/TEFact.
Detailed Description of the Invention
A. Definitions
As used herein, “human IL-3”, “hIL-3, “human multi- CSF”, and “hmulti-CSF” are used interchangeably, and designate a protein preparation which exhibits the following activities:
1. The protein stimulates colony formation by human hemopoietic progenitor cells wherein the colonies formed include erythroids, granulocytes, granulocyte macrophages, and mixed. 2. The protein stimulates DNA synthesis by human acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) blasts, as evidenced, for example, by labeled thymidine uptake.
To fit the definition of hmulti-CSF, the activity in the foregoing assay must not be substantially inhibited by antibodies raised in response to, and immunospecific for, GM- CSF, unless these antibodies also inhibit these activities by the illustrative hmulti-CSF below.
One illustrative form of hmulti-CSF is shown in Figure 1 as a 133 amino acid mature protein, having a 19 amino acid signal sequence. The amino acid sequence of Figure 1 is identical with that disclosed by Yang, Y-C., et al., Cell (1986) 47:3-10 (supra) except at position 8 of the mature protein wherein the Ser of the Yang protein is replaced by Pro herein. As shown herein, this amino acid sequence is effective in its nonglycosylated form. However, it contains two glycosylation sites, and the glycosylated form is also included within the scope of the invention. It is also recognized that the protein may exist in acid addition salt
form, basic salt form, or may be neutral, depending upon the pH of its surroundings. Derivatization by phosphorylation, acetylation, and so forth, to the extent that activity is not destroyed, also results in a protein included within the scope of the invention.
It is also recognized that the entire sequence may not be necessary for activity. Parts of the amino acid sequence may be deleted or replaced, while retaining biological activity. As illustrated herein, the alanine at position 1 may be deleted, as may as many as the first fourteen amino acid residues if replaced by a sequence of residues of a fused peptide sequence. In addition, it is believed that the murine form of the protein requires only the first 79 residues for activity; this corresponds approximatel to the first 83 residues of the human counterpart. Accordingly, fragments which comprise only the first 83 amino acid residues of the protein, and the N-terminal replaced forms thereof are also included within the scope of the invention. Furthermore, it should be considered that the N-terminus of mature hIL-3 is formed by the residues ala-pro-met etc. (see Figure 1). It is known that the protein, when secreted by a yeast host, may in some instances be shortened by two amino acids (ala-pro), due to the interaction with a dipeptidylaminopeptidase (72). The hIL-3 without the N-terminal alanine and proline still retains its biological activity. Yeast strains carrying a null mutation of the X-prolyl dipeptidylaminopeptidase gene will produce complete hIL-3 (amino acids 1-133). Accordingly, included in the multi-CSFs of the invention are those which contain and those which do not contain the N-terminal alanine and proline, produced by X- prolyl dipeptidylaminopeptidase mutants and wild type hosts, respectively. When produced as a mature protein in a procaryotic host, the coding sequence for the mature protein will be prefaced by an ATG start codon. The resulting N-terminal methionine may then be removed, or partially removed, by processing within the bacterial host, depending on the nature of the subsequent amino acid sequence. Again, both forms of
hIL-3 are biologically active. Therefore, included in the hmulti-CSFs of the invention are those which contain and those which do not contain the N-terminal methionine.
From the above it is clear that amino acid changes may be introduced into the human IL-3 protein, without affecting its biological function. It is recognized that minor changes in amino acid sequences by chemical modification of the encoded residue, substitution of a different residue, or deletion or addition of one or more, but preferably only one, residue results in proteins which retain activity. Accordingly, these nondestructive mutations are also included within the invention, in particular, the naturally occurring allelic variations and other mutations which are nonlethal to the activity. On the other hand it should be considered that amino acid changes in the human IL-3 protein may be beneficial to the therapeutic use of the protein. As recognized herein, the mature protein has four conserved domains at residues 15-36, 54-61, 74-91, and 107-118. Proteins containing single and multiple amino acid changes in the nonconserved regions, 1-14 (which are, in any event, replacable by the sequences of host derived fusion proteins), 37-53, 62-73, 92-106, and 119-133 are possible. However, it appears that the cysteine residues at positions 16 and 84 may be necessary for disulfide bridge formation as they are conserved between species. Changes in the conserved domains mentioned above may influence biological properties of the protein, such as receptor binding and signal transduction. It is envisaged that hIL-3 having altered properties are of therapeutic use. Such derivatives of hIL-3, which may be made by known protein engineering techniques, are to be understood within the scope of the present invention.
The protein preparation may contain the hmulti-CSF peptides in monomeric or aggregated form, provided the aggregates retain activity as above-defined.
As used herein, “expression system” refers to a DNA sequence which contains both a coding sequence whose expression is desired and appropriate control sequences in
operable linkage with it which permits its expression when the control sequences are compatible with the host into which the expression system is placed. As is generally understood, “control sequences” refers to DNA segments which are required for or regulate the expression of the coding sequence with which they are operably linked.
Control sequences for all hosts include promoters, which may or may not be controllable by regulation of their environment. Typical promoters suitable for procaryotes include, for example, the trp promoter (inducible by tryptophan deprivation), the lac promoter (inducible with the galactose analog IPTG), the beta-lactamase promoter, and the phage-derived PL promoter (inducible by temperature variation). Additionally, especially for expression in Bacillus, useful promoters include those for alpha-amylase, protease, Spo2 and synthetic promoter sequences. Suitable promoters for expression in yeast include the 3-phosphoglycerate kinase promoter and those for other glycolytic enzymes, as well as promoter regions for alcohol dehydrogenase and yeast phosphatase. Also useful are the transcription elongation factor (TEF) and lactase promoters. Mammalian expression generally employs promoters derived from viruses such as the adenovirus promoters and the SV40 promoter systems, but they also include regulatable promoters such as the metallothionein promoter, which is controlled by heavy metals or glucocorticoid concentration. There are also now available viral-based insect cell expression systems, as well as expression systems based on plant cell promoters such as the nopaline synthetase promoters.
In addition to the promoter DNA sequence, which is necessary for the transcription of the gene by RNA polymerase, a variety of control sequences, including those regulating termination (for example, resulting in polyadenylation sequences in eucaryotic systems) are also useful in controlling expression. Some systems also contain enhancer elements which are desirable but not necessarily necessary in effecting expression.
Translation controls include a ribosome binding site
(RBS) in procaryotic systems, whereas in eucaryotic systems translation may be controlled by the nucleotide sequence around the AUG codon.
As implied above, recombinant protein production can be effected in a wide variety of hosts, including bacteria (predominantly E. coli, Bacillus, and Streptomyces), in yeast and fungi (such as Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, and Aspergillus), and in mammalian and other cell cultures such as COS cells, C127 cells, Chinese hamster ovary cells, Spodopter frugiperda (Sf9) cells, and so forth. The protein may be produced as an intracellular mature or fusion protein, or may be secreted when the DNA encoding an appropriate compatible signal is included in the gene.
The present invention for the first time enables large scale production of recombinant human IL-3, so that this protein – in purified form – can now be used as a therapeutic agent. The methods described herein provide means for producing glycosylated as well as unglycosylated forms of the protein, which can be purified to substantially pure human IL- 3. “Purified” human IL-3 refers to human IL-3 as defined above which is free of other proteins which normally accompany it.
B. Retrieval of cDNA Encoding Human IL-3
Human IL-3 was isolated according to the following strategy:
1. A procedure was developed which allowed for reproducible production of hemopoietic growth factors (HGFs) by human leucocytes. 2. mRNA was prepared from such producing cells and transcribed into double-stranded cDNA.
3. The cDNA was screened with a complete mIL-3 cDNA which contained both the coding and untranslated 3′ downstream portions to obtain DII. 4. The hybridyzing cDNA clone DII was inserted into an expression vector pLO to obtain pLB4 which was expressed in
COS cells to confirm the presence of the sequence encoding human IL-3. Conditioned media from these cells showed the
biological activity expected of hIL-3.
The human cDNA was retrievable using this procedure because despite considerable lack of homology with the murine coding sequence, a surprising degree of homology was present in the 3′ untranslated region. Applicants are unaware of any prior disclosure of the use of a 3′ untranslated sequence homology to retrieve an alternate species gene.
In more detail, conditioned medium of lymphocytes cultured in the presence of 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate (TPA) and concanavalin A (Con A) is a suitable source for human HGFs as determined by assay of the medium using stimulation of mouse CFU-S in suspension cultures, proliferation of mIL-3 dependent DA-1 cells, human hemopoietic progenitor assays by colony formation in vitro, and in vitro stimulation of acute leukemia blasts. A cDNA library from human lymphocytes was constructed in lambda gt-10 phage (20) and screened using the Hindlll-Xbal fragment of mIL-3 cDNA, for the occurrence of mIL-3 related sequences. No hybridizing clones were identified. However, when complete murine IL-3 cDNA was used as probe, four clones were identified. Restriction enzyme analysis of the largest clone (Dll) indicated a 910 bp insert containing an internal EcoRI site (at position 411, Figure 1) (It was investigated whether this EcoRI site had arisen by ligation of two independent cDNA fragments or was a naturally occurring site. Southern analysis of restriction enzyme digested human DNA using labeled 5′ and 3′ EcoRI fragments of clone Dll as probe, revealed identical DNA fragments following digestion with Hindlll (15 kb) and BamHI (4.6 kb). Furthermore, the DNA sequence around the EcoRI site does not correspond to linker sequence (pCCGAATTCGG ) used for inserting cDNA into phage DNA, indicating that these EcoRI fragments are derived from a single mRNA.)
From hybridization and sequencing experiments it was concluded that the small clones (II, IV and VI) are identical to the 3′ nucleotide sequence of clone Dll and derived from the same mRNA species.
Computer assisted alignment (Figure 1) of the Dll
cDNA and the mIL-3 cDNA revealed sequence homology in the 5′ terminal 100 bp, between nucleotides 236-269 and between nucleotides 598-803 in the 3′ terminal region (68°, 71% and 73% homology, respectively). In particular, the region betwee nucleotides 706 and 763 is highly conserved (93% homology) an contains repetitive AT-rich sequences. The low homology in th 5′ terminal 600bp of the human cDNA (52%) precludes detection by hybridization with the Hindlll-Xbal fragment of mIL-3. Analysis of the human cDNA clone for an encoded protein shows an open reading frame up to the termination codon TGA at position 495-497 (Figure 1). The first ATG triplet is probably the actual initiation codon of the encode polypeptide. The putative encoded protein consists of a hydrophobic leader peptide of 19 amino acids, which is probably cleaved between the glycine and alanine residues (22, 23) The alignment of the predicted amino acid residues of the human and mouse IL-3 (Figure 1) reveals a homology of 50% for the leader peptide (residues -26 to +1) and 28% for the mature protein (residues 1 to 133). Within the leader peptide, there are two conserved regions of four amino acids (residues -13 to -10 and -3 to +1), of which the second one encloses the processing site. The mature protein is 133 amino acids long and has a molecular weight of 15 kd. The mature protein has four conserved domains (residues 15-36, 54-61, 74 91 and 107-118) and contains two potential glycosylation site
(residues 15-17 and 70-72). Both cysteine residues present in the human protein (positions 16 and 84) are conserved and may play an essential role in protein folding by disulfide bridge formation. In order to verify that this human cDNA encodes a functional protein that resembles mIL-3, the Dll cDNA was inserted in an eucaryotic expression vector (pLO, containing a SV40 transcription unit) to obtain the expression vector pLB4 and transfected to COS 1 cells. The COS/pLB4 conditioned medium (CM) was tested for (1) its capacity to stimulate colony formation by human bone marrow cells, and (2) to stimulate human acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) blasts. In vitro colony growth of human hemopoietic
progenitors depleted of myelomonocytic (Vim-2 positive) and T- lymphocytic (T-3 positive) accessory cells, was efficiently stimulated by COS/pLB4 CM. The data demonstrate stimulation of progenitors of several hemopoietic differentiation lineages and of a subpopulation of BFU-E by COS/pLB4 CM.
In a separate experiment, bone marrow was enriched for progenitor cells by density centrifugation, E-rosette sedimentation to remove T-lymphocytes and adherence to remove mononuclear phagocytes and cultured in enriched medium containing fetal calf serum. Under these conditions, the majority of the colonies obtained upon stimulation with COS/pLB4 CM contained two or more hemopoietic differentiation lineages: all contained macrophages, approximately half immature blasts and/or immature erythroid cells and/or neutrophilic granulocytes and a minority, in addition, basophilic or eosinophilic granulocytes. These results demoostrate the multilineage stimulatory properties of the protein encoded by the human cDNA clone Dll and its action on developmentally early, multipotent hemopoietic cells. With respect to AML stimulation, AML- blasts of five patients were stimulated with the COS/pLB4 CM and assayed for a response by measuring 3H-TdR incorporation and colony formation. Three of the five leukemia cell samples responded to the COS/pLB4 CM in both assays; characteristic doseresponse relationships for colony formation and DNA synthesis of AML blasts of different patients were obtained. The responses to GM-CSF demonstrated further phenotypic differences among the leukemias responding to the COS/pLB4 CM. These data demonstrate that the Dll cDNA clone contains the complete genetic information for a biologically active protein which is exported into the culture medium in the transformed COS cells. Despite the apparent lack of homology with respect to the protein sequence between the human protein and mIL-3 (only 30%), the proteins are comparable with respect to their biological function. Both proteins exert their effect on developmentally early hemopoietic progenitors of various lineages. The low homology
at the amino acid level is also reflected by a low homology in the coding nucleotide sequence. However, very unexpectedly, a rather high degree of homology — sufficient for retrieval of the human cDNA clone — occurred in the 3′ untranslated region.
Southern analysis of human DNA revealed a single hybridizing gene indicating that this cDNA does not belong to a family of closely related genes.
From the foregoing results we conclude that the human cDNA insert in Dll encodes the human homolog of mIL-3. We decided to use the operational term hmulti-CSF for the protein encoded by the cDNA clone Dll in view of its major biological effect and assay.
The identification of hmulti-CSF cDNA clones by virtue of hybridization with the 3′ terminal region of the mIL-3 cDNA was unexpected. Whereas homologous DNA sequences are in general predominantly found in the coding region, the hmulti-CSF sequence has extensively diverged (45% homology) in this part of the gene. Analysis of the highly conserved domain in the 3′ terminal non-coding region reveals the occurance of 5 ATTTA repeat units which are all preserved in the mIL-3 cDNA (Figure 1). hMulti-CSF and mIL-3 display considerably less protein homology than other murine and human growth factors or lymphokines such as GM-CSF (25), interleukin-2 (25), interleukin-1 (26) and interferons (27-29). The biological activity of the mature mIL-3 appears to be contained in the first 79 amino acids, including an absolute requirement for the cysteine residue at position 17 (30). This cysteine residue is conserved in hmulti-CSF (Fig. 1, pos. 16) and may play an essential role in protein folding. The occurrence of potential glycosylation site around this cysteine residue may interfere with disulfide bridge formation.
C. Production and Formulation of hmulti-CSF
Applicants have provided a representative variety of expression systems capable of producing human IL-3 protein in a variety of forms — as fusion proteins, as mature intra
cellular proteins, and as secreted proteins. Applicants are unware of availability anywhere in the art of recombinant forms of human IL-3, or, indeed, of any human IL-3 in a preparation which is free of proteins normally accompanying
this desired protein. Accordingly, the invention herein provides, for the first time, the human IL-3 protein in a manner which is capable of adaptation to therapeutic and diagnostic uses. The human IL-3 can be produced as a fusion protein with sequences heterologous to the human IL-3 amino acid sequence. By “heterologous” is meant a sequence which is not found in human IL-3 itself, but is an unrelated sequence. This heterologous sequence may be derived from a bacterial protein, a yeast protein, a mammalian protein, or any of variety of miscellaneous fortuitously encoded sequences such as, for example, those encoded by polylinkers. It is clear from the results hereinbelow that at least the first 14 amino acids of the N-terminus of the human IL-3 sequence can be replaced by heterologous sequence, at least if the fusion protein is further extended past the N-terminus.
The protein can also be obtained as a mature intracellular protein by constructs in which the ATG start codon is placed immediately upstream of the desired N-terminus. These intracellular proteins, whether mature or fusion proteins, can be recovered by lysing the cells and purifying the human IL-3 using standard protein purification techniques.
Protein purification is simplified if the human IL-3 is secreted into the medium, tftien produced in mammalian cells with which the native signal sequence is compatible, this native signal sequence can be used to effect secretion into the medium. In bacterial or yeast systems, signal sequences compatible with these hosts, such as the penicillinase or alpha-amylase sequence in bacteria or the alpha-factor signal sequence in yeast can be used. When produced recombinantly, the human IL-3 is free of proteins normally accompanying it, and can be purified from the proteins and other materials indigenous to the recombinant
host using, for example, chromatographic methods, gel filtration, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and so forth.
As described hereinbelow, the protein is useful for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. For therapeutic uses, the protein may be formulated in ways standard for pharmaceutical compositions which are used for the administration of proteins. Suitable excipients include, for example, physiological saline, Ringer’s solution, and so forth. Alternate formulations, including solid formulations (e.g. lyophilized), can also be employed.
D. Preparation of Antibodies
The availability of recombinant IL-3 protein or parts thereof will permit production of antibodies directed against the protein or parts thereof, as demonstrated hereinbelow. Such antibodies are useful, inter alia, for in vitro detection of colonies producing hIL-3, for therapeutical use, and for the purification of both natural and recombinant hIL-3.
Statement of Utility
The nucleotide sequence of the whole or parts of the cDNA of human IL-3, or closely-related DNA sequences will advantageously enable the detection of genetic abnormalities, including genomic rearrangements, restriction fragment-length polymorphisms, mutations and altered gene expression with the use of such techniques as the analysis of chromosomal DNA using restriction enzymes, DNA and RNA blotting as well as hybridization techniques (Maniatis et al. 1982) and two- dimensional gel electrophoresis (Fisher and Lerman, 1983).
The recombinant hmulti-CSF as provided by the present invention will facilitate a detailed analysis of its role in human hemopoiesis, in particular the possible synergism of hmulti-CSF and various other HGFs. Furthermore, hmulti-CSF is of considerable interest because of its applicability for in vitro diagnosis of human diseases in
which hemopoietic progenitor cells are involved, which include the leukemia, as well as potential therapeutic applications aimed at expansion of hemopoiesis in vivo. The effect of hmulti-CSF on various hemopoietic malignancies with respect to terminal differentiation of the leukemic cells also needs to be explored. In addition hMulti-CSF may be required for establishing a proliferative state of human stem cells in gene therapy protocols, since stimulation with mIL-3 was shown to be required for succesful infection of mouse stem cells with recombinant, replication defective retroviruses.
IL-3 protein can also advantageously be used for the detection of early hemopoietic precursor cells in standardise in vitro cultures (Uagemaker and Visser, 1980; Metcalf et al. 1982; Merchav and Uagemaker, 1984, Metcalf, 1986). IL-3 protein and variants can further be used for the multiplication of hemopoietic stem cells in vitro, possibly in conjunction with other growth factors , for bone marrow transplantation and the genetic manipulation of stem cells (Lowenberg and Dicke, 1977; Uagemaker and Petem, 1978; Lemischka et al, 1986).
The IL-3 protein can be used for the determination of the response pattern of malignant hemopoietic cells in in vitro tests (Touw and Lowenberg, 1985; Griffin et al, 1986; Griffin and Lowenberg, 1986). The IL-3 protein can further be used for the detection of remaining leukemic cells by in vitro methods (Touw and Lowenberg, 1986; Griffin et al, 1986; Griffin and Lowenberg, 1986).
Furthermore, the IL-3 protein can be used in vivo for the treatment and prevention of malignant and nonmalignant disorders, either by itself or in combination, in which an obtained specific response by the hemopoietic system can result in a clinical benefit.
These applications include: – cytopenias and/or immunosuppression due to infections such as AIDS
– cytopenias due to chemotherapy and/or irradiation
– bone disorders such as bone fractures and osteoporosis
– immunodeficienties due to general anaesthetic procedures
– recovery following bone marrow transplantation
– adjunct to vaccinations and adjunctive therapy of infections. The cloned human IL-3 DNA sequence or closely- related DNA can be used for gene therapy in genetic deviations from the normal IL-3 gene.
To facilitate the above-described analysis, a large quantity of human IL-3 is required. The easiest way to obtain sufficient amounts of the protein is the production with microorganisms, in particular yeasts, bacteria and fungi, e.g. Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Aspergillus, Streptomyces, Bacillus and E. coli species. Production in mammalian and other eucaryotic systems, such as C127 cells, Spodoptera cells and transgenic animals and plants, is also possible for skilled persons following the teaching of the present invention. These possibilities are all included within the scope of this invention.
As an illustration how to obtain living cells that produce the human IL-3 protein by expression of the hIL-3 cDNA, a number of plasmids were constructed and transferred, to E. coli, B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, S. cerevisiae, K. lactis and C127 cells. Using these host strains the production of recombinant human IL-3 was achieved. The products were tested for their capacity to stimulate human AML blasts as described above for the COS/pLB4 conditioned medium. From these experiments it appeared that the proteins made were biologically active.
The following examples are intended to illustrate but not to limit the invention.
Example 1
Retrieval of cDNA Encoding Human multi-CSF (hmulti-CSF)
Human leukocytes stimulated with TPA (5 ng/ml) and ConA (10 ug/ml) produced considerable amounts of HGFs as measured by the murine stem cell proliferation assay and various other colony assays. Cells were harvested 24 hrs after stimulation, because mRNA production is often transient following stimulation with phorbol esters and lectins. Already after 24 hrs, HGFs were easily detectable in the CM.
mRNA Preparation
Cells were harvested, washed with PBS and homogenized in guanidinium isothiocyanate solution (36). RNA was pelleted through a cesium chloride cushion. Oligo(dT)- cellulose chromatography was used for selection of mRNAs (36)
cDNA Synthesis cDNA was synthesized essentially according to Gubler and Hoffman (37), using oligo(dT) as primer and AMV reverse transcriptase. Second strand was synthesized with RNaseH and E. coli DNA polymerase I. Gaps were closed with T4-DNA ligase and ends were flushed by T4-DNA polymerase. To protect internal EcoRI restriction sites, the cDNA was methylated with EcoRI methylase. Subsequently, the cDNA was ligated to phosphorylated EcoRI linkers with T4-DNA ligase. After digestion with EcoRI, excess linkers were removed by Sepharos CL-4B chromatography. The material recovered in the void volume of the column was larger than 250bρ and was used for construction of the libraries.
Construction of the Phage cDNA Library.
The cDIIA was ligated to lambda gt10 phage arms (20) and packaged with commercial packaging extracts (Gigapack, Vector Cloning Systems). The recombinant phages were propagated in E. coli C600 hfl.
Screening of the Phage Library.
Of each plate containing 1-5000 plaques, two nitrocellulose filter replicas were made according to standard procedures. Filters were then hybridized with radiolabeled mIL-3 probe from the Hindlll-Xbal fragment of mIL-3 cDNA or with the complete mIL-3 cDNA clone radiolabeled with random primers. The mIL-3 cDNA clone (pL101) was isolated from a UEHI-3B cDNA library. UEHI-3B mRNA was isolated using the guanidinium isothiocyanate CsC1 method, size fractionated on sucrose gradient and injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes.
RNA fractions inducing the oocytes to produce a factor capable of supporting murine stem cell proliferation, were used for synthesis of cDNA as described above, cDNA was tailed with dC residues and inserted in the PstI site of pUC9. mIL-3 clones were identified using synthetic oligonucleotides (from published mIL-3 sequence, 11). Insert of pL101 was purified on polyacrylamide gel and used for screening of the human cDNA library. Probe DNA was labeled using the random primer method (38). Potential positive plaques were rescreened and plaque purified. In this way four clones were identified, including phage Dll.
Sequencing of cDNA Clones.
Recombinant phages were grown at large scale and purified, cDNA inserts were removed from the phage arms by digestion with EcoRI and purified on polyaerylamide gel. The purified fragments were ligated into M13mp18 and pTZ18R DNA digested with EcoRI and used for transformation of E. coli JM109. Single strand DNA was prepared and sequenced according to established procedures (39). Sequence data were analyzed using various computer programs (40-43).
The sequence obtained for the insert in phage Dll is shown in Figure 1. This 910 bp sequence contains the entire coding region for hmulti-CSF and its signal sequence, and exhibits high homology to the murine clone pL101 in the 3′ untranslated region. The homology upstream in the coding sequence is relatively more limited. As described above, the protein has a putative 19 amino acid signal sequence followed
by a 133 amino acid mature protein containing two glycosylation sites (15-17 and 70-72) and two cysteine residues at 16 and 84.
The deduced amino acid sequence is the same as that encoded by the genomic DNA disclosed by Yang, Y-C, et al. (supra), except for one amino acid — that at position 8 of the putative mature protein; the Yang DNA encodes Ser, the cDNA herein encodes Pro.
The intronless sequence obtained in the phage Dll can be used for procaryotic expression, as well as for expression in eucaryotic systems, as illustrated below.
Example 2
Expression in Mammalian Cells
A. Construction of the eucaryote expression vector pLB4
Phage Dll (containing the longest cDNA insert) was digested with Hind III and Bglll and subcloned in plasmid pTl (a derivative of pTZ18R, containing some additional restriction sites in the multilinker, see Example 3A). Clones containing the phage fragment containing the cDNA insert were identified by restriction analysis. The cDNA insert was removed from this plasmid by partial digestion with EcoRI and purified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The appropriate fragment was inserted in a eucaryote expression vector (pLO) in an SV40 transcription unit. pLO comprises: EcoRI (filled in) – PstI of pBR322 (1-755), Pstl-Aval of pBR329 (756-1849), Aval-PvuII adapter (1850-1868), PvuII-Hindlll (filled in) of SV40 (promoter)
(1869-2211), PvuII-BamHI adapter containing the unique EcoRI site (2211-2251), Mbol “splice fragment” of SV40 (2252-2861), BclI-BamHI (filled in) “poly A fragment” of SV40 (2862-3098), PvuII-Hindlll promoter fragment of SV40 (3099-3440), Hindlll- BamHI Eco gpt gene (3441-4501), Mbol “splice fragment” of SV4 (4502-5111) and the BclI-BamHI (filled in) “poly A fragment” of SV40 (5112-5348).
The Eco gpt transcription unit is of no importance
in transient expression of proteins in COS 1 cells. The resultant expression plasmid for hmulti-CSF was termed pLB4 and was purified on CsCl. This plasmid in E. coli was deposited with the Centraal Bureau of Schimmelcultures (CBS), Baarn, the Netherlands, under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty on December 12, 1986 under CBS 568.86. The construct is shown in Figure 2.
B. Expression of hmulti-CSF in COS 1 Cells and Bioassays. pLB4 DNA was transfected to COS 1 cells using the calcium phosphate coprecipitation method (45). Cells were cultured for 48-72 hours in alpha medium containing 10% fetal calf serum. The culture medium was recovered, filtered and used in assays for establishing its biologic activity. Human bone marrow progenitor colony assays and acute myeloid blasts colony and proliferation assays were performed as follows. Bone marrow was obtained from hematologically normal adult volunteers by posterior iliac crest puncture following informed consent. The mononucleated cells were separated by density gradient centrifugation on a Ficoll gradient
(Nijegaard and Co . , Oslo, Norway ) , washed and resuspended in Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS). Myeloid cells and T- lymphocytes were then removed. For this purpose, marrow cells were lysed following incubation with monoclonal antibodies OKT-3 (CD3; Ortho, Ravitan, N.Y.) and Vim 2 (myelo-monocytic cells, 46) at saturating concentrations in the presence of rabbit complement (40%; 30 minutes, 25°C) according to established procedures (47). The cells were washed two times in HBSS, resuspended in Iscove’s modified Dulbecco’s medium (IMDM) and cultured in the presence of autologous plasma according to Fauser and Messner (16), as described before (48), at a concentration of 1.5-3 x 104/ml. Erythropoietin 1 U/ml (sheep, step III, Connaught, Uillowdale, Canada) and COS/pLB4 CM were added as growth stimulating activities. Results of standard cultures with phytohaemagglutinin stimulated leukocytes CM (PH-LCM) in direct comparison with COS/pLB4 CM are also given. Sixty percent of the colonies were plucked and identified by microscopical analysis. The CM from
COS cells transfected with the vector without insert (pLO) failed to stimulate colony formation by itself.
The results are shown in Figure 3. As shown in the figure, the mean numbers of erythroid (BFU-E), granulocyte- macrophage (CFU-GM), granulocyte (CFU-G), eosinophil (CFU-Eo), macrophage (CFU-M) and mixed (CFU-MIX) colonies (+SD) are shown of duplicated cultures stimul with graded volumes of COS/pLB4 CM.
Induction of AML Proliferation (see Figure 4)
AML blasts were purified using a bovine albumin (BSA) density gradient. Residual T-lymphocytes were removed from the AML samples by E rosette sedimentation (17, 49, 50). AML (patient 1) colony formation was determined not only in the established PHA leukocyte feeder (PHA l.f) system, but also in a modified version of the technique in which the leukocytes were replaced by COS/pLB4 CM, permitting assessment of its colony-stimulating activity (17, 18, 49, 50) as shown in Figure 4A. All experiments were performed in triplicate. DNA synthesis of AML blasts (patient 2) was assayed by thymidine uptake as described (51) with results shown in Figure 4B. Both assays showed a dose dependent relationship to COS/pLB4 CM added. Addition of control COS medium did not affect AML proliferation in either assay.
C. Construction of eucaryotic expression vector pLB4/BPV
In order to establish stable cell lines expressing human IL-3, C127 cells (ATCC CRL 1616) were transfected with a derivative of pLB4. This derivative was constructed by insertion of the entire BPV-1 genome (69) into pLB4 by the following strategy. The BPV-1 BamHI fragment was excised from the vector pdBPV-MMTneo ( 342-12) (70). The BamHI sticky ends were filled in using Klenow polymerase. Then the vector pLB4 was cleaved at the unique EcoRV site within the Eco gpt gene. Subsequently, the blunt-ended BPV-1 fragment was cloned into the EcoRV cleaved pLB4, resulting in the vector pLB4/BPV which is able to replicate in C127 cells. pLB4/BPV was transfected
to C127 cells using the calcium phosphate precipitation method (45). The transfected cells were cultured for 16 days, after which foci were picked from the culture dishes. Several independent cell lines were established. The pLB4/BPV vector appears to be stably maintained within the cells, as judged by Southern blotting of Hirt extracts (71) of several cell lines. Conditioned culture medium was tested for IL-3 activity using the AML proliferation assay. The stable cell lines produce active human IL-3.
Example 3
Construction of E. coli Expression Vectors
A. Construction of pGB/lL-301 (see Figures 5, 6, 7 and 8)
For construction of E. coli expression vectors, the following modifications were performed according to standard procedures (36).
1. The 3′-terminal noncoding sequences between the Aval site (position 541) and the Xhol site (position 856) in pLB4 were deleted by fusion of the DNA fragments following filling of the sticky ends with Klenow enzyme (Figure 5).
2. For introduction of the hmulti-CSF insert into a bacterial expression vector, the following steps were performed. The pLHl vector was digested with Avail and the recessed ends filled with Klenow polymerase. Following ligation of a Bglll linker (CAGATCTG), the DNA was digested with Bglll and BamHI. The Bglll-BamHI hmulti-CSF fragment was purified on polyacrylamide gel and subcloned in the Bglll site of pTl, a derivate of pTZ18R (Pharmacia) modified in the multiple cloning site (see Figure 6). Two clones were obtained, which had the insert in the opposite orientation with respect to the lacZ promoter (see Figure 5). Inserts of these two clones were isolated on polyacrylamide gel following digestion with Bglll and EcoRV and subcloned in pTl digested with Bglll and Hindll. The junction of the Bglll linker and the hmulti-CSF DNA was verified by sequence analysis and showed a fusion of the linker to the Avail site located at
nt 1 of the cDNA clone (this Avail site had arisen by ligation of the EcoRI linker to the cDNA molecule). Since this construct (pGB/lL-300) was not in phase with the lacZ protein, the Bglll-EcoRV insert was subcloned into BamHI and Hindll digested pUC8 (52). The resulting construct (pGB/lL-301, see Figures 5, 7 and 8) was tested for production of a lacZ/hmulti-CSF fusion protein.
B. Construction of pGB/lL-302, pGB/lL-303, pGB/lL-304 and pGB/lL-305 (Figures 5, 7 and 8)
Several base changes were introduced into the coding sequence for the N-terminal part of the fusion proteins by introduction of synthetic oligo nucleotides into pGB/lL-300. The new expression vectors, called pGB/lL-302, pGB/lL-303 and pGB/lL-3024 were constructed as follows: the Hindll-Hindlll fragment of pGB/lL-300 was isolated on agarose gel and ligated to a synthetic oligonucleotides comprising the nucleotides 99- 137 of hmulti-CSF and a 5′ terminal Sail recognition sequence and inserted into pTZ18R digested with Sail and Hindlll. The sequence of several clones was established. Indeed, several base changes were observed, resulting in modifications of the hmulti-CSF protein. Inserts of several clones were transferred to pUC8 for expression of the lacZ fusion protein (pGB/lL-302 pGB/lL-303). Clone pGB/lL-304 was made in fase with lacZ by ligation of the Sail site following filling of recessed ends with Klenow. Construction was verified by Pvul digestion. Several clones lacked a synthetic oligonucleotide and were found to be fused in frame to the lacZ protein. One example of these clones was called pGB/lL-305.
C. Construction of pGB/lL-306 (see Figures 5, 7 and 8)
An expression vector coding for a protein lacking the lacZ N-terminal amino acids was made from pGB/lL-300 by deletion looping as described in (53). The synthetic oligonucleotide comprised 22 nucleotides upstream of the pTZ lacZ gene including the ATG start codon and the first 24 nucleotides coding for mature IL-3. This plasmid was called pGB/lL-306 (Figures 5, 7 and 8).
E. coli strains containing the plasmids pGB/lL-300, pGB/lL-301 and pGB/lL-302 were deposited with CBS on July 13, 1987 under CBS 377.87, CBS 379.87 and CBS 378.87, respectively. Figure 8 shows the sequence of fusion regions for the various plasmids constructed. The sequence of the clones is given from the start of the lacZ protein coding region in either pUC8 or pTZ18R (lower case letters) and of the hmulti- CSF coding region (upper case letters) up to the Clal site at position 158. Mutations in the hmulti-CSF DNA sequence are underlined, resulting in trp!3 → argl3 (pGB/lL-302); Ieu9→ pro9 and trp13→ arg13 (pGB/lL-303); met3→ thr3 and a silent change (pGB/lL-304).
In the priority application EP 87201322.2, filed on July 13, 1987, other designations were used for these plasmids as follows: pGB/lL-300 = pT-hIL3; pGB/lL-301 = pUC/hmulti; pGB/lL-302 = pUC/hmulti ∆1A; pGB/lL-303 = pUC/hmulti Δ1B ; pGB/lL-304 = pUC/hmulti ∆1 C; pGB/lL-305 = pUC/hmulti ∆2 ; pGB/lL-306 = pTZ/hmulti;
D. Expression of lacZ/hmulti-CSF Fusion Proteins and Mature hmulti-CSF in E. coli
E. coli strains (JM 109) carrying various expression vectors were grown in LB medium containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin at 37°C until an optical density of 0.5 at 550 nm was reached. Subsequently IPTG (isoproyl beta-D-thiogalactoside, Pharmacia) was added to the culture to a final concentration of 1 mM and incubation was continued for 3-4 hours.
Plasmids pGB/lL-306 and pGB/lL-302 were also transformed to E. coli DH1 (wild type lacZ operon). Those strains were grown in LB medium or 2 x TY medium containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin at 37ºC for 16 hours.
Bacteria were collected by centrifugation and
sonicated in buffer containing 0.1 M Tris/HCl, pH 8.0; 5mM EDTA 0.2% Nonidet P40 (NP-40) and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and centrifuged for 30 min at 20,000 x g. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the pellet and supernatant fractions showed that the bulk of the hmulti-CSF proteins is stored in the bacteria in an insoluble form.
The pellet was re-extracted with 0.5% NP-40 buffer and finally solubilized with 8 M urea 0.1 M Tris/HCl, pH 8.0 and 5mM dithiothreitol. Thus, an extensive purification of the fusion proteins was achieved (Figure 9).
As shown in the figure, inclusion bodies from bacteria (E. coli) containing pGB/lL-301 and pGB/lL-302 were isolated as described. Lanes 1 show the 0.2% NP40 supernatant (sample corresponds to 0.1 ml of the original bacterial culture). Lanes 2 show the 0.5% NP40 supernatant (0.2 ml) and lanes 3 the pellet solubilized in 8M urea buffer (A: 0.05 ml; B: 0.2 ml). The proteins were separated on a 13.5% SDS- polyacrylamide gel and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. Molecular weights (in kd) of marker proteins (lane M) are denoted on the right. The human multi-CSF fusion proteins are indicated by arrows. The fusion protein encoded by pGB/lL-301 has a MW as expected of about 20 kd; that produced from pGB/lL-302, of about 16 kd.
E. Determination of Biological Activity of Bacterial hmulti- CSF Preparations.
Bacterial protein preparations were diluted in alpha medium containing 1% bovine serum albumin, filter sterilized and assayed in the AML blast proliferation assay. Diluted samples were added to purified AML blasts and cultured for four days. DNA synthesis was measured using 3H thymidine as described (51). One unit per ml is defined as the amount of hmulti-CSF required for half maximal proliferation of AML blasts. Figure 10 shows this titration. Various dilutions of the urea extracted protein preparation of bacteria containing the plasmid pGB/lL-302, were assayed for the stimulation of AML blast proliferation using 3H-thymidine. The fusion protein concentration of this protein preparation was 33 μg/ml. Based
on the presented titration curve, the activity of this preparation is 16,000 units/ml.
The amount of bacterial fusion protein in the preparations was estimated from polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis and used for calculating specific activities. The results are shown in the following table:
1. Approximate molecular weights are estimated from the DNA sequence of the fusion protein (Figure 8).
2. IL-3 concentrations were estimated on SDS-polyacrylamide gel and calculated per ml of starting culture.
3. Activity of urea solubilized protein was determined in the AML proliferation assay and is expressed per ml of starting culture.
4. Not determined.
From these results it was concluded that human multi-CSF expressed as a fusion protein in E. coli was obtained in biologically active form. The results show that changes introduced into the N-terminus of the fusion proteins may influence the specific activity of these proteins.
Example 4
Preparation of Antibody Preparations Capable of Immunospecific
Reaction with human IL-3 Protein
A. Polyclonal Rabbit Anti-Human IL-3 Antiserum.
A preparative gel was made from a lysate of E. coli containing the plasmid pGB/lL-301. The 20 kd band with the IL- 3 fusion protein was sliced out, minced in saline with a mortar and emulsified in a 1:1 ratio in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant containing 1 mg of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RA per ml. New Zealand White rabbits (spf) were immunized with 1 ml of the emulsion (with + 100 ug IL-3 fusion protein) divided over 5 injection sites (2 x i.m. in the thighs, 3 x s.c. on the back). Booster injections of the same antigen in Incomplete Freund’s Adjuvant were given at week 2, 4 and 6. Serum was collected at week 8 by venapuncture from the ear.
One volume of serum was absorbed with 9 volumes of sonicated pUC8 containing E. coli (overnight at 4ºC) to remove nonspecific antibodies. Immunoblotting of all IL-3 constructs made in E. coli, B. licheniformis, B. subtilis, S. cerevigiae and K. lactis showed immunospecific reaction with the absorbed sera at a dilution of 1 in 6500.
Some of these results are shown in Figure 11. The proteins were isolated from the recombinant hosts as described above and were separated on a 13.5% polyacrylamide gel and blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane. Lane 1: E. coli containing pTZlSR (control); Lane 2: pGB/lL-301; Lane 3: pGB/lL-301; Lane 4: pGB/lL-302; Lane 5 : pUC19 ( control ) ; Lane 6 : pGB/lL-301 ; Lane 7 : pGB-IL-302 . Lanes 6 and 7 show proteins present in the pellet after the sonification of the bacteria. Lanes 3, 4 and 5 show proteins present in the pellet after the first washing step. Lanes 1 and 2 show the final urea-solubilized protein fractions. The arrows show the fusion proteins (of the expected size) expressed from pGB/lL-301 and pGB/lL-302.
Figure 12A shows the inhibition of IL-3 dependent proliferation of AML blast cells by anti-IL-3 antiserum.
Figure 12B shows that the preimmune serum does not affect the action of IL-3 on AML blast cell proliferation. In both panels,
= IL-3 at 10 U/ml;
= IL-3 at lU/ml;
= control, no addition.
Figure 12A shows IL-3 dependent growth in the AML blast proliferant assay (51) was inhibited by the sera in a dose dependent manner; Figure 12B shows preimmune sera do not have this effect. As control, GM-CSF dependent growth was unaffected by these sera in the same assay (Figure 12A where = GM-CSF at 100 U/ml.)
B. Monoclonal Mouse Anti-Human IL-3 Antibodies
Balb/C mice were immunized with 3 x 0.1 ml (s.c.) of the same emulsion as used for the rabbits. A booster (0.1 ml i.p.) of antigen in Incomplete Freund’s Adjuvant was given at week 2 and three days later spleen lymphocytes were fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells according to standard procedures (65). Hybridoma supernates were screened in the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay, using a lysate of E. coli pGB/lL-302 (containing the 17 kd IL-3 fusion product) as a positive control and a lysate of E. coli pUC8 as negative control. In total, 29 IL-3 hybridoma cultures secreting antibodies specific for IL-3 were selected and stabilized.
Example 5
Construction of Bacillus expression vectors
General cloning techniques were used (36).
A. Construction of pGB/lL-307 (Figure 13)
For construction of pGB/lL-307 the Smal fragment of pLB4 carrying the hmulti-CSF gene, was ligated into PvuII digested pUBHO (54). After transformation to competent cells (56) of DB105 (a spo- derivative of the protease deficient strain DB104 (55)), two clones were obtained, as expected: the fragment was cloned in both orientations. The plasmid that harbored the fragment in the correct orientation with respect
to the so-called “Hpa II promoter” (57) was called pGB/lL-30 In this case a fusion protein will be made (see Figure 13).
B. Construction of pGB/lL-310 A hmulti-CSF expression plasmid was prepared as described below.
1. Promoter cloning (Figure 14).
For expression in Bacillus a synthetic q-43 promoter as described (58) is used (the promoter used to be called σ 55).
Plasmids pPROM55s (58), the promoter containing plasmid, and pGPA14 (59) were digested with EcoRI and XbaI. The promoter fragment was ligated into the vector fragment, which had been purified on an agarose gel. After transformation to E. coli (JM 101), the correct plasmid was obtained and called pGB/lL-308 (Fig. 14).
2. Introduction of a synthetic oligonucleotide into pGB/lL-30 (Figure 15).
A synthetic oligonucleotide comprising the nucleotides 39-158 and 484-546 of hmulti-CSF, a 5′ terminal Sail recognition sequence and a 3′ terminal Xmalll site was ligated into Sall-Xmalll digested pGB/IL-308. The ligation mixture was introduced into JM101. After analysis of a number of transformants, the correct plasmid was found, pGB/lL-309.
3. Introduction of hIL3 (Figure 16). After transformation to and isolation from
B. subtilis DB105, the plasmid pGB/lL-309 was digested with Xmalll. The recessed ends were filled in with Klenow polymerase, and the plasmid was cleaved with Clal. The plasmid pGB/lL-307 was digested with Aval, the ends filled in with Klenow and then digested with Clal. Subsequently, the hmulti-CSF containing fragment was ligated into the pGB/lL-309 fragment and transformed to JM101. The resulting plasmid was called pGB/lL-310 (Figure 16). This plasmid
harbored the hIL-3 gene with its own signal sequence. After isolation of the correct plasmid, it was also introduced into B. subtilis DB105.
C. Construction of pGB/lL-311 and pGB/lL-312 (Figures 17, 18) pGB/lL-310 was partially digested with Hindlll and totally with PvuII. The two hmulti-CSF containing PvuII- digested with Hindlll and Smal.
Figure 17 shows the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pBHAl. The plasmid consists of positions 11-105 and 121-215; bacteriophage FD terminator (double): positions 221-307; a part of plasmid pBR322 (viz. positions 2069-2153): positions 313-768; bacteriophage Fl, origin of replication (viz. positions 5482-5943): positions 772-2571; part of plasmid pBR322, viz. the origin of replication and the beta-lactamase gene: positions 2572-2685; transposon Tn903, complete genome: positions 2719-2772; tryptophan terminator (double): positions 2773-3729; transposon Tn9, the chloramphenicolacetyltransferase gene. The nucleotides at position 3005 (A), 303S (C), 3302 (A) and 3409 (A) differ from the wild type cat coding sequence. These mutations were introduced so as to eliminate the Ncol, Ball, EcoRI and PvuII sites: positions 3730-3804; multiple cloning site: positions 3807-7264; part of plasmid pUB110, viz. the replication function and kanamycin resistance gene (EcoRI-PvuII fragment) (66, 67): positions 7267-7331; multiple cloning site. The fragments wer put together by known cloning techniques, e.g. filling in of sticky ends with Klenow, adapter cloning, etc. All data were derived from GenbankR, National Nucleic Acid Sequence Data Bank, NIH, USA. After transformation to JM101 and analysis of a number of ampicillin resistant colonies, two different plasmids were found: pGB/lL-312, which harbored the complete gene with complete control sequences, and pGB/lL-311, which contained the complete gene and the promoter lacking the -35 region in the other orientation (see Figure 18). pGB/lL-311 has been transformed to B. subtilis DB105 and B. licheniformis strain T399 (Δamy, spo-, exo
protease negative, rifr, see ref. 68).
D. Construction of pGB/lL-313 (Figure 19).
In order to obtain a smaller plasmid, with the hmulti-CSF gene behind the “Hpall promoter”, pGB/lL-312 was digested with BamHI and religated. The ligaton mixture was transformed into DB105 competent cells. A number of neomycin resistant colonies were analysed and the correct plasmid was obtained. The plasmid was called pGB/lL-313.
E. Construction of pGB/lL-317 (Figure 20)
In order to clone the hmulti-CSF gene behind the B. licheniformis alpha-amylase transcriptional and translational initiation region and signal sequence, one of the earlier described pOL5-delta vectors (68) was used, viz. pOL5-2 delta. Besides the alpha-amylase signal sequence (29 amino acids long) this plasmid harbors one amino acid of the alpha-amylase mature sequence (an Ala) followed by a multiple cloning site: EcoRI-Xmalll-Xmal-Sall-Hindlll (68). The Sall-PvuII fragment of plasmid pGB/lL-310 containing the hmulti-CSF gene was ligated into the Sail-PvuII digested pOL5-2 delta vector and transformed to DB105. The resulting plasmid was called pGB/lL-317 (Figure 20). The hIL-3 gene still harbors its own signal sequence on this plasmid. The plasmid was also introduced into B. licheniformis T399.
F. Expression of Five Expression Plasmids in Bacillus Strains B. subtilis and B. licheniformis strains carrying the expression plasmids mentioned below were grown in TSB medium containing 20 jug/ml neomycin or 10 ug/ml erythromycin at 37°C (for 16-24 hours); 300 pg/ml of the culture was centrifuged. The pellet was resuspended in sample buffer, and analyzed using polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis followed by Western blotting. The supernatant was TCA precipitated, and the pellet was resuspended in sample buffer. Both supernatant and pellet were analyzed for IL-3 protein (see Table 2).
To determine the biological activity of the produced proteins, the following steps were carried out: The
cellpellets were resuspended in a buffer containing 0.1 M Tris/HCl pH 8.0 and 10 mM MgCl2. Lysozyme was added to a final concentration of 1 mg/ml and PMSF to a final concentration of 1 mM. The solution was incubated for 30 min. at 37°C. Subsequently DNase (final concentration 20 ug/ml) was added and the solution was incubated for 15 min. at 20ºC. Finally, the biological activity of this preparation as well as of the supernatant of the cultured cells was determined as described. The results are shown in Table 2.
It can be concluded, that in B. subtilis, using pGB/lL-307, a fusion protein is made that has IL-3 activity. When the human IL-3 gene only contains its own signal sequence no significant secretion of human IL-3 is obtained. All IL-3 activity is found intracellularly. In those cases it seems that besides precursor IL-3 mature IL-3 (15 kd) has been formed in the cell. Thus, some transport across the membrane might have taken place, but the protein is not transported
across the cell wall. However, using the alpha-amylase regulation and secretion signals (pGB/lL-317) most of the IL-3 activity appeared to be secreted into the culture medium. Besides a degradation product, two proteins are detected in the supernatant, one of about 15 kd and one of about 17 kd, most probably mature IL-3 and precursor IL-3, respectively. These data indicate that both processing sites, viz. the alpha-amylase and the hmulti-CSF processing site, are used. In the cell the most abundant product is precursor IL-3 containing the alpha-amylase signal sequence (the 20 kd protein) as shown by Uestern blotting. Sometimes a degradation product is detected.
Example 6
Construction of Kluyveromyces lactis expression vectors
A. Construction of pGB/lL-316
A DNA fragment comprising the Tn5 gene (61) conferring resistance to gentamycin G418, under the direction of the alcohol dehydrogenase I (ADHI) promoter from S. cerevisiae, similar to that described by Bennetzen and Hall (62), was inserted into the Smal site of pUC19 (63). An E. coli strain containing the obtained plasmid, pUC-G418, was deposited with CBS on December 4, 1987 under CBS 872.87.
Into the Xbal-Hindlll cleaved pUC-G418 vector a Xbal-Hindlll fragment from plasmid pGB903 (64) containing the K. lactis lactase promoter and calf prochymosin DNA was inserted, resulting in plasmid pGB/lL-314. The Sall-Hindlll fragment from this plasmid was replaced by a synthetic DNA fragment containing a small multiple cloning site and the lactase terminator (see Figures 21, 22). The resulting plasmid is designated pGB/lL-315.
In the SacII-XhoI cleaved pGB/lL-315 vector the following fragments were ligated:
1. The SacII-Xbal fragment from pKS105 (U.S. Pat. Appln. Ser. 078,539, 64), carrying the 3″ part of the lactase promoter and the 5′ part of the alpha-factor signal sequence
of S. cerevisiae.
2. A synthetic oligonucleotide comprising the 3′ part of the alpha-factor signal sequence starting at the Xbal site and the 5′ part of the mature hIL-3 cDNA sequence upto the 5′ half of the Hpal site (aa-residue 14).
3. The Hpal-Xhol fragment carrying most part of the hIL-3 cDNA sequence (residue 15-133 plus the 3′ non-coding region). The resulting plasmid, designated pGB/lL-316, is depicted schematically in Figure 21. The complete vector sequence from the SacII site in the lactase promoter sequence up to the Hindlll site at the end of the synthetic terminator is given in Figure 22.
Figure 22 shows the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pGB/lL-316 between the unique Sac II site in the lactase promoter and the Hind III site behind the terminator (residues 4457 to 7204). Residues 4457 to 6100 comprise the lactase promotor sequence. Residues 6101 to 6355 comprise the alpha factor signal sequence. Residues 6356 to 7115 comprise the sequence for mature human IL-3 plus the 3′ noncoding cDNA sequence. Residues 7116 to 7204 comprise the synthetic terminator sequence.
B. Construction of pGB/lL-318
An expression vector similar to pGB/lL-316 was constructed in which the coding information for the alpha factor signal sequence of S. cerevisiae was replaced by the alpha-factor signal sequence of K. lactis (64). The remaining part of the plasmid is identical to pGB/lL-316. The sequence of pGB/lL-318 between the SacII site in the lactase promoter and the Hindlll site behind the terminator (residues 4457 to 7190) is given in Figure 23.
Residues 4457 to 6087 comprise the sequence of the lactase promoter and a small linker sequence. Residues 6088 to 6342 comprise the K. lactis alpha factor signal sequence. Residues 6343 to 7102 comprise the sequence for mature human IL-3 plus the 3′ noncoding cDNA sequence. Residues 7103 to 7190 comprise the synthetic terminator sequence.
C. Transformation of Kluyveromyces Lactis and Analysis of Secreted hIL-3
Plasmids pGB/lL-316 and pGB/lL-318 were digested a the unique SacII site in the lactase promoter region, and use to transform K. lactis strain CBS 2360 (see 64). Integration of the plasmids is thus targeted to the chromosomal lactase gene promoter region. The resulting G418 resistant transformants were grown to saturation in liquid YEPD medium, and the culture supernatants and cell lysates were assayed for IL-3 activity using the AML cell DNA synthesis assay.
Virtually all IL-3 appeared to be secreted into the culture medium, and to be active. The proteins from the culture supernatant were precipitated using ethanol and analyzed using denaturing polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis followed by Western blotting. The predominant product has an apparent MW of about 21 kd, whereas also a distinct band at about 15 kd is observed. The latter product most probably corresponds to the mature unglycosylated IL-3, whereas the 21 kd product is the product carrying core glycosylation at the two potential glycosylation sites. Incubation with
Endoglycosidase H results in a protein migrating in the 15 kd range, suggesting that all IL-3 is processed correctly during the secretion process and that the bulk of the protein is being glycosylated.
Example 7
Construction of a Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Expression Vector
A. Construction of pGB/lL-319
First an expression vector called pGB/TEFact was constructed. On this pTZ18R (Pharmacia) derived plasmid the S. cerevisiae translation elongation factor (EF-lalpha) promoter sequence, which was cloned and sequenced as described (73,74), is coupled by means of a small Sall-Bglll-Xhol linker to the S. cerevisiae actin transcription terminator sequence (75), which was synthesized using an Applied Biosystems DNA synthesizer. The sequence of the expression cassette is given
in Figure 24. Residues 1 to 949 comprise the EF-lalpha promoter. Residues 950 to 967 comprise the sequence of the Sall-Bglll-Xhol linker. Residues 968 to 1113 comprise the actin terminator sequence. The unique Smal site in pGB/TEFact was used to introduce the G418 resistance cassette described in Example 6. The resulting plasmid was called pGB/TEFactG418.
Finally, the hIL-3 expression vector pGB/lL-318 was constructed by introduction of the following DNA sequences into the Sall-Xhol cleaved pGB/TEFactG418 plasmidt
– The Sall-Nrul fragment from pGB/lL-316 carrying the S. cerevisiae alpha factor signal sequence and the hIL-3 coding sequence upto the Nrul site.
– A synthetic Nrul-Xhol DNA fragment comprising the remaining nucleotides coding for hIL-3 and the Xhol recognition sequence immediately following the TGA stopcodon.
B. Transformation of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Analysis of
Secreted hIL— 3 Plasmid pGB/lL-319 was cleaved at the unique EcoRI site in the EF-l α promoter . Integration of the plasmid is thus targeted to the chromosomal EF-lα region. S. cerevisiae wild type strain D273-103 (alpha; ATCC 25657) was transformed as described for K. lactis (64). The G418-resistant colonies were picked and transformants were given to saturation in liquid YEPD medium. The culture supernatant was assayed for hIL-3 activity using the AML assay. The protein produced by S. cerevisiae was found biologically active.
The proteins from the supernatant were precipitated using ethanol and subsequently analyzed by polyacrulamide gelelectrophoresis followed by Western blotting. Two prominent products could be distinguished on the Western blot, a 21 kd glycosylated product and an unglycolysed product of about 15 kd.
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Claims (21)
1. A transformed living host cell containing genetic material derived from recombinant DNA material and coding for human IL-3.
2. A transformed living host cell according to Claim 1, which is selected from the group consisting of yeasts, bacteria, fungi and tissue culture cells.
3. A transformed yeast host cell according to Claim 2, which is selected from the group of Saccharomyces and Kluyveromyces.
4. A transformed bacteria host cell according to
Claim 2, which is selected from the group of E. coli and Bacillus.
5. A transformed tissue culture host cell according to Claim 2, which is selected from the group COS, C127 and insect cells.
6. An expression system operable in a recombinant host which expression system consists essentially of a DNA sequence encoding human IL-3 operably linked to control sequences effective in said host.
7. The expression system of Claim 6, wherein the DNA encoding human IL-3 contains no introns.
8. The expression system of Claim 6 or 7, wherein the control sequences comprise a promoter selected from the group consisting of the lac promoter, the Hpall promoter, the
43 promoter, the alpha-amylase promoter, the EF-1 alpha promoter and the SV40 promoter.
9. A recombinant host cell according to any one of Claims 1 to 5, transformed with the expression system of any one of Claims 6 to 8.
10. A vector selected from the group consisting of pGB/lL-300 to pGB/lL-319.
11. A vector selected from the group of pLB4 and pLB4/BPV.
12. A recombinant DNA sequence containing no intron which encodes human IL-3.
13. The DNA of Claim 12 which comprises the nucleotide sequence shown as encoding amino acids 1-133 in sequence “H” of Figure 1.
14. A method for producing human IL-3 by a host cell, said method comprising: introducing into said host cell a DNA construct comprising an expression cassette which comprises in the direction of transcription a transcriptional initiation regulatory region functional in said host cell; a DNA sequence encoding human IL-3; and a transciptional termination regulatory region functional in said host cell; growing said host cell comprising said DNA construct in a nutrient medium under suitable culture conditions, whereby human IL-3 is produced; and recovering the human IL-3 product.
15. A method according to claim 14, wherein said host cell is as defined in any one of Claims 1 to 5 or 9.
16. A purified protein having human IL-3 activity, substantially free of other substances accompanying said protein.
17. The protein of Claim 16, which is produced by the recombinant expression of the DNA sequence shown as encoding amino acids 1-133 in sequence “H” of Figure 1 or the naturally occurring mutants thereof.
18. The protein of Claim 16 or 17, in glycosylated or unglycosylated form.
19. The protein of any one of Claim 16 to 18, produced in a transformed host cell as defined in any one of Claim 1 to 5 or 9.
20. An antibody preparation capable of immunospecific reaction with human IL-3.
21. A method to produce an antibody preparation capable of immunospecific reaction with human IL-3 which comprises injecting a vertebrate host with the purified human IL-3 of any of Claim 16 to 19.
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