GB1565594A - Creation of Inventions and Patents with Artificial Intelligence

GB1565594A – Apparatus for preparative electrophoresis
– Google Patents

GB1565594A – Apparatus for preparative electrophoresis
– Google Patents
Apparatus for preparative electrophoresis

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Publication number
GB1565594A

GB1565594A
GB20718/77A
GB2071877A
GB1565594A
GB 1565594 A
GB1565594 A
GB 1565594A
GB 20718/77 A
GB20718/77 A
GB 20718/77A
GB 2071877 A
GB2071877 A
GB 2071877A
GB 1565594 A
GB1565594 A
GB 1565594A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
elution
plate
tubular member
elution chamber
electrophoresis apparatus
Prior art date
1976-05-18
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)

Expired

Application number
GB20718/77A
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)

ROSKAM W

Original Assignee
ROSKAM W
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
1976-05-18
Filing date
1977-05-17
Publication date
1980-04-23

1977-05-17
Application filed by ROSKAM W
filed
Critical
ROSKAM W

1980-04-23
Publication of GB1565594A
publication
Critical
patent/GB1565594A/en

Status
Expired
legal-status
Critical
Current

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Classifications

C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR

C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR

C25B7/00—Electrophoretic production of compounds or non-metals

G—PHYSICS

G01—MEASURING; TESTING

G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means

G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis

G01N27/416—Systems

G01N27/447—Systems using electrophoresis

G01N27/44704—Details; Accessories

G01N27/44717—Arrangements for investigating the separated zones, e.g. localising zones

Description

PATENT SPECIFICATION
( 11) ( 21) Application No 20718/77 ( 22) Filed 17 May 1977 ( 19) ( 31) Convention Application No 7605 315 ( 32) Filed 18 May 1976 in ( 33) Netherlands (NL) ( 44) Complete Specification published 23 April 1980 ( 51) INT CL 3 GOIN 27/28 C 25 B 7/00 ( 52) Index at acceptance C 7 B 115 235 265 AD ( 54) AN APPARATUS FOR PREPARATIVE ELECTROPHORESIS ( 71) I, WILLEM GERRIT ROSKAM, a Dutch Citizen, of 55, Rue Lacordaire, 75015 Paris, France, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: The present invention relates to apparatus for preparative electrophoresis.
Apparatus for preparative electrophoresis usually comprises an upper electrode vessel, a separation space in which a gel can be applied, an elution chamber or receptacle and a lower electrode vessel The various components of the material to be treated (purified or separated) migrate through the gel under the influence of the applied electric field at different flow rates, so that they emerge one after the other from the gel and enter the elution chamber in turn A buffer solution flows through the elution chamber and carries the components out of the elution chamber, e g to a fraction collector, from which collector they can be removed for further examination.
A great variety in constructions of apparatus for preparative electrophoresis exists, and much attention has been paid to the design of the elution chamber However, in known apparatus for preparative electrophoresis the elution does not proceed satisfactorily for many purposes In most prior art devices the bottom of the elution chamber is permeable to the electric electrophoresis current, i e the bottom of the chamber is electrically conductive.
The main reason for poor elution in prior devices is that components, after emerging from the gel, do not remain at the location where the hydrodynamic transport by the elution buffer is most efficient, because they are subjected to effects of free electrophoresis, convection phenomena and migration caused by gravity.
In free electrophoresis for a good elution it is necessary that the components, after emerging from the gel, migrate out of the vicinity of the bottom end of the gel column under the influence of a rapid free electrophoresis because the flow rate of the elution buffer is low in the gel vicinity (S Hjerten et al, Anal Biochem 27 ( 1969) ( 108-129), and consequently the elution proceeds infficiently near the end of the gel column.
The desired rapid free electrophoresis can be achieved by flowing a buffer having a low ion-strength just along the bottom of the gel (J W Nelson et al, ISCO Applications Research Bulletin 19 ( 1975).
In known apparatus for preparative electrophoresis, wherein a solid porous disc between gel and elution chamber supports the gel, good elution is not obtained This is because the components, after emerging from the gel, must migrate over a long distance before elution begins, and diffusion is no longer prevented by the gel matrix during the migration, the diffusion giving rise to a strong band widening, while the migration cannot be accelerated by flowing a buffer with a low ionic strength just along the bottom of the gel.
In known apparatus for preparative electrophoresis only a high pump (circulation) speed of the elution buffer can prevent components from migrating to the vicinity of the bottom of the elution chamber under the influence of the rapid free electrophoresis necessary on account of the grounds mention, or convection phenomena, or gravity.
However, a high pump speed of the elution buffer leads inevitably to a strong dilution of the components which is disastrous for many applications On the other hand it is equally disadvantageous to increase the dimensions of the elution chamber to prevent migration towards the bottom, because this lowers the flow rate of the elution buffer.
In known apparatus for preparative electrophoresis, loss of components in the vicinity of the bottom of the elution chamber by electrophoresis through the bottom of the elution chamber is avoided by positioning a dialysis membrane (for example U S.
Patent 3,773,745), or a semipermeable glass filter (U S Patent 3,539,493), or a gel in a 1 565 594 1,565,594 buffer having a high ionic strength (German Offenlegungsschrift 2,221,242) under the elution chamber, or by passing buffer in counterflow through the bottom of the elution chamber (P H Duesberg et al, Anal.
Biochem 11 ( 1965) 342-361).
However, a good solution is not possible if components are able to migrate to the vicinity of the bottom of the elution chamber, because the flow rate of the elution buffer towards the discharge is much lower in the vicinity of the bottom of the elution chamber than in the center of the elution chamber, for example Moreover, there is a danger of denaturation, absorption and adsorption of the components if a dialysis membrane forms the bottom of the elution chamber (S Hjerten et al, loc cit).
Apparatus based on the design disclosed by I Schenkein et al (Anal Biochem 25 ( 1968) 387-395) has the disadvantage that the free electrophoretic migration of the components is in the opposite direction to the flow of the elution buffer If in this case the elution chamber has a small volume (vide Dutch Patent Application 7,115,364) then voltage gradient in the elution chamber is high and the direction of the voltage gradient is such that the components tend to migrate in the opposite direction to the flow of the elution buffer; due to the latter phenomenon the advantageous effect of the elution chamber having a small volume will be lost.
The present invention may be used to provide a simple apparatus for preparative electrophoresis which can be handled easily, and which apparatus does not have the above mentioned disadvantages, and supplies a good elution both with soft and solid gels, and with components having a high as well as a low free electrophoresis mobility.
According to the present invention there is provided electrophoresis apparatus, comprising a tubular member having first and second ends for receiving a column of gel, means defining an elution chamber at the first end of the tubular member, primary inlet duct means for passing buffer solution into the elution chamber, and outlet duct means for discharging buffer solution from the elution chamber and so disposed with respect to the primary inlet duct means that buffer solution passes from the primary inlet duct means to the outlet duct means substantially perpendicular to the central axis of the tubular member, the chamberdefining means comprising a plate-form body of solid but porous material having two main surfaces extending substantially perpendicular to the central axis of said tubular member, and the apparatus also comprising auxiliary inlet duct means for passing an auxiliary flow of buffer solution into the elution chamber through that main surface of the plate-form body which is further from the second end of the tubular member.
The primary buffer solution stream passing from the primary inlet duct means to 70 the outlet means together with the auxiliary buffer solution stream provide a uniform flow of buffer through the elution chamber which prevents components emerging from the gel from reaching the bottom of the 75 elution chamber.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention the said auxiliary inlet duct means includes a reservoir in communication with the said main surface of 80 the plate-form body which is further from the second end of the tubular member thereby enabling buffer to flow into the plateform body.
Preferably the plate-form body is sealed 85 to the tubular member by a seal formed by means of a layer of vulcanized rubbery material, such as silicone rubber adhered to the plate-form body.
Preferably the seal is one which has been 90 obtained by applying a layer of rubbery material such as silicone rubber to the said plate-form body, vulsanising the rubbery material, and bringing the plate-form body into contact with one end of a tubular mem 95 ber so that the vulcanized rubber makes a seal between the plate-form body and the tubular member.
The present invention will now be described, by way of example only, by refer 100 ence to the accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 shows a vertical sectional view of an apparatus for preparative electrophoresis according to the invention; 105 Figures 2, 3 and 4 each show graphs; Figure 5 shows an exploded view of part of the apparatus of Figure 1 and Figure 6 shows an enlarged sectional view of the apparatus of Figure 1 illustrating the 110 direction of flow.
The apparatus shown in Figure 1 comprises an upper electrode vessel 1 provided with an electrode 13, and a lower electrode vessel 2 provided with an electrode 14 The 115 electrodes 13 and 14 are made of platinum wire and are received in circular grooves in respective insulating members, whereby the electrodes are protected from damage The platinum wires are each connected to a 120 stainless steel bolt which is screwed into a stainless steel nut These nuts can be connected to a current source The bolts themselves are protected against contact with the electrolytes in the electrode chamber by an 125 insulating cover.
Between the vessels 1 and 2 are a cylindrical tube 3 (internal diameter 10 mm) for the gel, a housing 4 for the elution chamber (the latter having a diameter of 15 mm and 130 1,565,594 thickness of 1 5 mm), and a tubular part 6 which slidingly fits in a bore of housing 4.
The elution chamber 5, which has a porous layer 11 at its underside, is located in a position by employing the part 6 to press it against an abutment edge in the housing 4.
Viton 0-ring 8 which is placed in an annular cavity of part 6 provides a tight seal of part 6 in housing 4 and simultaneously keeps said part 6 in the correct position; gel tube 3 is simply pressed against the elution chamber for alignment of its lower surface and is kept in place by 0-ring 7 which gives a tight sealed fit Elution buffers are fed through three stainless steel tubes 9 (only one being shown in Figure 1) which have been arranged so that an angle of 450 is included between each pair of adjacent tubes 9 An auxiliary flow of elution buffer is delivered to the underside of the porous layer 11 by way of a tube 10 This auxiliary flow, which is at a high rate, serves to cool the elution chamber 5 and the gel Excess of elution buffer delivered through the tube 10 returns to the electrode vessel 2 via a small spacing between the tube 10 and the part 6 and is recirculated The direction of flow of the elution buffer are illustrated in Figure 6 The electric current for the electrophoresis flows via the mentioned small spacing.
By altering the pumping rate of the buffer flowing through the tube 10, or by altering the spacing between the tube 10 and the part 6, the pressure of the auxiliary flow of elution buffer can be adjusted as desired, and consequently the flow rate of elution buffer through the porous layer 11 into the elution chamber 5 is also adjusted.
The elution buffers are discharged from the elution chamber 5 through a stainless steel tube 12 to an accurately adjustable pump (not shown) and pass from there to a fraction collector e g via a spectrophotometer.
The elution chamber 5 is made of solid but porous material such as sintered glass, preferably Pyrex P 2; in the illustrated apparatus the liquid volume of the chamber 5 is about 0 13 ml The porous layer 11 at the underside of the elution chamber may be a dialysis membrane, in which case the auxiliary flow of elution buffer is maintained at high pressure below the membrane However, the porous layer 11 is preferably a layer of sintered glass of different pore size from the chamber 5, of thickness O 5 mm, which can advantageously be sintered to the elution chamber The porous layer 11 is preferably Pyrex P 5 The sealing of the elution chamber 5, or if desired the combined elution chamber 5 and porous layer 11, against the gel tube 3, the housing 4 and the part 6 is obtained by forming a suitably-shaped layer of elastic material, preferably polymerized silicone rubber For this purpose curable silicone rubber, e g “Rhone Poulenc CAF 4 “, is applied on the relevant aretas of the elution chamber 5, or the combined elution chamber 70 and porous layer 11, and cured Preferably the assembly is placed in a mould, preferably of Teflon, for curing of the silicone rubber with the sintered glass Excess silicone rubber is torn away automatically 75 when removing the elution chamber, or the assembly of the elution chamber and the porous layer, from the mould or can be easily removed with a knife, while the openings for connecting the tubes 9 and 12 80 can be made by means of a tungsten carbide drill.
Apart from the stainless steel tubes 9 and 12, the Viton 0-rings 7 and 8, the sintered glass elution chamber 5 with its silicone 85 rubber seals, and the porous layer 11, all structural components of the apparatus are made from Perspex (polymethacrylate).
The gel columns rests directly on the elution chamber 5 or on a sheet of glass 90 fiber paper on top of the elution chamber, and need not be supported by hydrostatic pressure of elution buffer.
The present invention can also be applied profitably on other apparatus, such as 95 apparatus for preparative electrophoresis on a large scale with central elution and cooling of the gel In such an advantageous embodiment manufacture and control are also simple 100 In the described apparatus for preparative electrophoresis, the homogeneous (uniform) buffer flows in the porous elution chamber to prevent the components from reaching the bottom of the elution chamber, whether by 105 convection phenomena,or by a high, free electrophoresis mobility, or by migration caused by gravity, in that it is possible by adapting the ionic strength of the buffer flowing just below the gel, to have the com 110 ponents migrate rapidly out of the vicinity of the gel in that the retarding effect on the electrophoretic migration by the auxiliary buffer, flowing in the opposite direction of migration can be increased by selecting e g 115 the ionic strength, p H, viscosity and buffer density This renders the elution highly efficient, and avoids the disadvantages of components coming into contact with the bottom of the elution chamber 120 The porous elution chamber prevents the convection phenomena, migration of the components caused by gravity and preferred paths of the elution buffers in the elution chamber The elution buffer flows having 125 the above features, are obtained by passing two elution buffers into the elution chamber, one buffer homogeneously distributed on the surface of the elution chamber in a direction opposite the direction of the electrophoresis 130 4 1,565,594 4 in the elution chamber and one buffer homogeneously perpendicular at the direction of the electrophoresis A homogeneous distribution of the elution buffer flow over the surface of the elution chamber is obtained by pumping or by sucking the buffer in question through a porous layer applied against the bottom side of the elution chamber, the flow resistance for the elution buffer being mainly determined by the porous layer.
The above disclosed constructions of the elution chamber and parts belonging thereto simplify the manufacture and handling of apparatus for preparative electrophoresis considerably The apparatus is flexible and can be adapted in a simple manner to a specific purification process, e g by selecting another elution chamber or another housing for the gel Cooling the gel is simple; the cooling effect of the auxiliary flow of buffer through the tube 10 is sufficient The apparatus can be easily cleaned thoroughly, because of its simple construction.
The following Examples further illustrate the present invention:
EXAMPLE I
Samples of a homodisperse 3 H-poly(U) mixture (a homo-disperse mixture of tritiated poly(uridine), a synthetic polymer used in Biochemistry) were loaded on 3 mm high 9 % polyacrylamide gels Previously it was determined that all radioactivity under the applied conditions would come out of the gel in no less than 8 5 minutes The sum of the pumping rates of the two elution buffers was varied between 2 and 10 ml.
per hour The pumping rate of the auxiliary flow of elution buffer, passing in counterflow to the direction of the electrophoresis, was maintained constant at 1 5 ml per hour.
The pumping rate was determined by measuring the transport of 311-water during the electrophoresis The pumping rate of the auxiliary flow of elution buffer leads to a migration of buffer in the elution chamber with the same speed (rate) as the free electrophoresis of the RNA, but in the opposite direction (counterflow) The voltage gradient in the gel was about 6 V per cm at a current of 10 m A The concentration of the elution buffers was three times as high as the concentration of the gel buffer except for the sodium dodecylsulfate concentration being everywhere 0 2 %.
The yields:
By determining the radioactivity in collected fractions it appeared that with about O 6 ml of elution buffer at all the pumping rates, elution of more than 99 % of the radioactivity was obtained, if a correction was made for the bandwidth of the sample This means that the elution chamber is rinsed by an amount of buffer which is about five times the liquid-volume of the elution chamber, or nine times the liquidvolume of the elution chamber under the gel In the present calculation no correction is applied for diffusion in the gel nor for band broadening in the tubing to the fraction collector; the true elution is thus more efficient than stated The elution is consequently highly efficient The yield of radioactivity was always higher than 96 % Figure 2 shows the variation in radioactivity in the elution buffer at a pumping rate of the elution buffers of 2 ml per hour It appears from the form of the curve that elution proceeds quite well at such a low pumping rate in spite of the high free electrophoretic mobility of RNA.
EXAMPLE II
Samples of low-molecular RNA were 85 applied onto analytic gels and preparative gels, and subjected to preparative gel electrophoresis The voltage gradient in the preparative gel was about 4 V per cm The pumping rate of the auxiliary flow of elution 90 buffer, passing in the direction opposite to the direction of electrophoresis, was about 1.5 ml per hour The sum of the pumping rates of the elution buffers was 6 ml per hour About 50 jg of RNA was loaded on 95 the analytical gel and about 150 jug of RNA was loaded on the preparative gel The upper graph of Figure 3 shows the varations in the extinction in the analytic gel, and the lower graph of Figure 3 shows the variations 100 in the extinction in the elution buffer The resolving power has not deteriorated noticeably by the elution, and the peaks in the preparative pattern are symmetrical i 05 EXAMPLE III
Samples of high-molecular nucleolar RNA were loaded on extremely soft 2 20 % polyacrylamide gels The gels were polymerized on glassfiber-paper discs (Whatman GF/IC 110 About 6 f Ig of RNA was loaded on the analytic gel, and about 24 jig of RNA on the preparative gel.
In the upper graph of Figure 5 the variation in the extinction in the analytic gel is 115 shown, and in the lower graph of Figure 4 the variation in the extinction in the elution buffer is shown.
The support of the gels by the elution chamber and glassfiber-paper appears to be 120 suitable to produce a good elution with a very soft gel Otherwise the relatively high base line between the peaks in the preparative pattern are not caused by a bad resolution but by materials in the gel itself, which 125 also give extinction phenomena.

Claims (9)

WHAT I CLAIM IS:-

1 Electrophoresis apparatus, comprising a tubular member having first and second 130 1,565,594 1,565,594 ends for receiving a column of gel, means defining an elution chamber at the first end of the tubular member, primary inlet duct means for passing buffer solution into the elution chamber, and outlet duct means for discharging buffer solution from the elution chamber and so disposed with respect to the primary inlet duct means to the outlet duct means substantially perpendicular to the central axis of the tubular member, the chamber-defining means comprising a plateform body of solid but porous material having two main surfaces extending substantially perpendicular to the central axis of said tubular member, and the apparatus also comprising auxiliary inlet duct means for passing an auxiliary flow of buffer solution into the elution chamber through that main surface of the plate-form body which is further from the second end of the tubular member.

2 Electrophoresis apparatus according to Claim 1, comprising a layer of porous material between the elution chamber and the auxiliary inlet duct means, the porous material of said layer having a higher flow resistance to buffer solution than the porous material of the plate-form body.

3 Electrophoresis apparatus according to Claim 1 or Claim 2, wherein the plateform body is a glass frit.

4 Electrophoresis apparatus according to Claim 2 or Claim 3, wherein the layer of porous material is a glass frit.

5 Electrophoresis apparatus according to any one of Claims 2 to 4, wherein the plate-form body and the layer of porous material are sintered together.

6 Electrophoresis apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein 40 the plate-form body is sealed to said tubular member by means of a layer of vulcanized rubbery material, such as silicone rubber adhered to the plate-form body.

7 Electrophoresis apparatus according 45 to Claim 6, wherein the seal is one which has been obtained by applying a layer of rubbery material such as silicone rubber to the said plate-form body, vulcanising the rubbery material and bringing the plate-form 50 member into contact with one end of a tubular member so that the vulcanized rubber makes a seal between the plate-form body and the tubular member.

8 Electrophoresis apparatus according 55 to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the said auxiliary inlet duct means includes a reservoir in communication with the said main surface of the plate-form body which is further from the second end 60 of the tubular member thereby enabling buffer to flow into the plate-form body.

9 Electrophoresis apparatus substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings 65 PAGE, WHITE & FARRER, Chartered Patent Agents, 27 Chancery Lane, London, WC 2 A 1 NT.
Agents for the Applicants.
Printed for Her Majesty’s Stationery Office by Burgess & Son (Abingdon), Ltd -1980.
Published at The Patent Office, 25 Southampton Buildings, London, WC 2 A l AY, from which copies may be obtained.

GB20718/77A
1976-05-18
1977-05-17
Apparatus for preparative electrophoresis

Expired

GB1565594A
(en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number
Priority Date
Filing Date
Title

NLAANVRAGE7605315,A

NL182822C
(en)

1976-05-18
1976-05-18

PREPARATIVE ELECTROFORESE DEVICE.

Publications (1)

Publication Number
Publication Date

GB1565594A
true

GB1565594A
(en)

1980-04-23

Family
ID=19826218
Family Applications (1)

Application Number
Title
Priority Date
Filing Date

GB20718/77A
Expired

GB1565594A
(en)

1976-05-18
1977-05-17
Apparatus for preparative electrophoresis

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US
(1)

US4111785A
(en)

CH
(1)

CH627496A5
(en)

DE
(1)

DE2722175C2
(en)

GB
(1)

GB1565594A
(en)

NL
(1)

NL182822C
(en)

SE
(1)

SE7705686L
(en)

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1976

1976-05-18
NL
NLAANVRAGE7605315,A
patent/NL182822C/en
not_active
IP Right Cessation

1977

1977-05-13
CH
CH602877A
patent/CH627496A5/en
not_active
IP Right Cessation

1977-05-16
SE
SE7705686A
patent/SE7705686L/en
unknown

1977-05-16
US
US05/797,286
patent/US4111785A/en
not_active
Expired – Lifetime

1977-05-17
GB
GB20718/77A
patent/GB1565594A/en
not_active
Expired

1977-05-17
DE
DE2722175A
patent/DE2722175C2/en
not_active
Expired

Also Published As

Publication number
Publication date

US4111785A
(en)

1978-09-05

NL7605315A
(en)

1977-11-22

NL182822C
(en)

1988-05-16

SE7705686L
(en)

1977-11-19

DE2722175A1
(en)

1977-12-01

DE2722175C2
(en)

1986-09-11

CH627496A5
(en)

1982-01-15

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