GB1570590A - Creation of Inventions and Patents with Artificial Intelligence

GB1570590A – Zone refining
– Google Patents

GB1570590A – Zone refining
– Google Patents
Zone refining

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Publication number
GB1570590A

GB1570590A
GB54228/76A
GB5422876A
GB1570590A
GB 1570590 A
GB1570590 A
GB 1570590A
GB 54228/76 A
GB54228/76 A
GB 54228/76A
GB 5422876 A
GB5422876 A
GB 5422876A
GB 1570590 A
GB1570590 A
GB 1570590A
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GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
output
vertical
rod
horizontal
image
Prior art date
1975-12-29
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)

Expired

Application number
GB54228/76A
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Monsanto Co

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Monsanto Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
1975-12-29
Filing date
1976-12-29
Publication date
1980-07-02

1976-12-29
Application filed by Monsanto Co
filed
Critical
Monsanto Co

1980-07-02
Publication of GB1570590A
publication
Critical
patent/GB1570590A/en

Status
Expired
legal-status
Critical
Current

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Classifications

C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH

C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR

C30B13/00—Single-crystal growth by zone-melting; Refining by zone-melting

C30B13/28—Controlling or regulating

C30B13/30—Stabilisation or shape controlling of the molten zone, e.g. by concentrators, by electromagnetic fields; Controlling the section of the crystal

Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS

Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC

Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION

Y10T117/00—Single-crystal, oriented-crystal, and epitaxy growth processes; non-coating apparatus therefor

Y10T117/10—Apparatus

Y10T117/1004—Apparatus with means for measuring, testing, or sensing

Y10T117/1008—Apparatus with means for measuring, testing, or sensing with responsive control means

Description

PATENT SPECIFICATION
( 11) 1 570590 ( 21) Application No 54228/76 ( 221 Filed 29 Dec 1976 ( 19) ( 31) Convention Application No 645 186 ( 32) Filed 29 Dec 1975 in ( 33) United States of America (USA ( 44) Complete Specification published 2 July 1980 ( 51) INT CL 3 C 30 B 13/00 G 05 B 11/01 G 05 D 3/00 ( 52) Index at acceptance Bl S IC 4 D 4 E 5 C 1 B 8 B G 3 R A 273 B 242 B 46 BC 29 ( 54) ZONE REFINING ( 71) We, MONSANTO COMPANY, a corporation organised under the laws of the State of Delaware, United States of America, of 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St.
Louis, Missouri 63166, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: –
This invention relates generally to zonerefining of semiconductor materials and more particularly to a method and apparatus for automated and precise control of the refining and growth of monocrystalline silicon rods.
Present manufacture of semiconductor materials requires a high degree of purity in the silicon used in making the individual components Suitably high material purities have been achieved in a process known as zone-refining which utilizes the phenomenon where impurity concentrations in a freezing solid will always be less than the concentration in the non-frozen liquid Consequently, if a semiconductor rod is melted completely across its cross-section and that melted zone is moved longitudinally along the rod, the melted zone will have a much higher concentration of impurities than the solid or frozen zone Making several passes along the bar with a heating source, which melts the bar only in the immediate vicinity of the heating source, will provide a high degree of purity in the bar with the exception of the end towards which the liquid phase is moved, which will contain the majority of the impurities previously distributed throughout the bar A prerequisite of zone refining is that the container material for the bar must not react with the semiconductor material, otherwise impurities may be added to the liquid semiconductor material In the case of some semiconductor materials, such as silicon, which react with most known container materials, a process called floatingzone refining has been developed.
In the floating-zone refining process, a molten zone of liquid silicon is suspended by its high surface tension between two colinear vertical rods of silicon The liquid zone is moved by the relative movement of the heating source, which normally takes the form of a radio frequency (RF) induction heating coil Either the coil may be moved along the length of the rod or, preferably, the rod is moved through the coil As the rod is moved down through the coil, the portion of the rod within the coil is melted, and the liquid zone then refreezes into the bottom portion of the rod as the molten portion moves upward Normally, this process, is initiated by a small diameter seed crystal on the bottom of the rod, and then the molten zone is slowly moved upward and away from this seed such that a monocrystalline structure is achieved and maintained in the refreezing bottom portion of the rod It is advantageous to have refined rods of a larger diameter than the seed crystal where the seed crystal diameter is on the order of 5 millimeters in diameter and the finished rod is on the order of 100 millimeters in diameter The larger diameter rods are later cut into wafers, and since they must be machined to a precise diameter, it is necessary to grow a rod only slightly larger than this diameter initially To avoid waste of the semiconductor material, it is advantageous to grow the rod as close as possible to the desired diameter, and therefore precise diameter control is desired.
To go from the 5 millimeter to the 100 millimeter diameter requires very precise control of the melting area, such control being achieved by varying the heating rate, the relative movement between the rod portions as well as the rotational speed of the rod portions to achieve uniform heating throughout the cross-sectional area This tapering process is extremely critical because the molten silicon must bulge or “bag” over the edge of the frozen lower rod portion so that the lower rod diameter continues to increase in an outward taper In the past this has only been accomplished with a skilled human operator at the various con0 l Lf 0 _ 651,570,590 trols to assure that the quantity of molten silicon is not so great as to cause a “spillover” of liquid where the molten silicon spills down the side of the newly frozen rod.
The prior art indicates methods of diameter control which control the relative movement between rod portions and/or the heating rate of the induction coil based upon the freezing diameter of the straight rod only.
These methods are not adaptable to controlling the growing operation during taper and are only automatic after the final rod diameter has been reached Therefore, the tapering process is totally dependent upon the skill of the human operator from start to the end of the taper thus being subject to human error and failings It is desirable therefore to eliminate the need for human operators and to be able to accomplish the starting and ending taper, the transition from tapering growth to straight and back to taper, as well as maintain close tolerances on the sides of the straight portion of the crystal, completely automatically.
In the past, various methods of optically sensing and controlling the diameter of a straight crystal rod during reflining have been used Unfortunately, none of the previous methods have provided an automated means to initiate the growth from the seed crystal diameter to the finished rod diameter and then back to a small diameter, necessitating the use of a highly skilled human operator at least during the tapering phase of the crystal growth When existing processes were modified in an attempt to automate this growth process, it was found that using the diameter of the refrozen rod as a sensing base had too much lag time between the sensing of a change and the response signal to the zone refiner controls Therefore, the crystals either “pull apart”, breaking the continuity between the melting crystal and the freezing crystal rods, or else they “freeze out” indicating that the liquid zone freezes prematurely terminating the refining process.
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to automate the zone refining process for semiconductor materials such that there is no need for a human operator during the tapering period.
The present invention provides an automatic floating-zone refiner for the zone refining of semiconductor rods, said refiner including a rod end holder and a seed crystal holder vertically spaced from each other defining a vertical processing axis, said rod end holder being adapted to have mounted therein a polycrystalline rod of semiconductor material to be refined and said crystal holder being adapted to have mounted therein a refreezing monocrystalline seed crystal rod of semiconductor material, said holders being relatively movable with respect to each other along said vertical processing axis, a radio frequency induction heating coil, an energy source to energize said heating coil to melt said polycrystalline rod thereby forming an interface 70 between the molten portion of said rod and the refreeezing monocrystalline rod, the edge of said molten portion having a slope at said interface, said refiner including means for varying the heating rate of said induction 75 heating coil, relative drive means to control the relative movement between said polycrystalline rod and said seed crystal, a rotational drive means to independently control the rotational velocity of the polycrystalline 80 rod and monocrystalline seed crystal, a vertical drive means to control the relative vertical position of the coil with respect to said interface and a horizontal drive means to control the horizontal position of the coil, 85 said refiner being capable of zone refining and growing of monocrystalline semiconductor rods, the improvement comprising:
projection means for controllably projecting said interface image upon a screen 90 sensing means, mounted upon said screen at an edge of the image projected thereon, for sensing the position of the interface image and generating signals in response to the vertical and horizontal positions of the 95 image as well as said slope of the molten portion of the semiconductor material above said interface; and processing means, responsive to the signals from said sensing means, for controlling said 100 heat generated by the heating coil, said relative drive means, said rotational drive means and said vertical drive means as a function of the vertical and horizontal positions and the slope of the molten portion 105 of said interface image.
The sensing means preferably includes a four-element photo diode with a mask superposed thereon, said mask having apertures therein which, in combination with 110 said photo diode, define a four-sensor photo array upon which said interface image is focused.
According to the present invention, the foregoing object is attained by the projection 115 of the melting zone image upon several photo sensor arrays A double set of sensors measures the “bag” or the amount of overhang contained in the meniscus of the melted semiconductor material as well as the dia 120 meter and zone length The degree of overhang of the “bag” is indicative of the condition of the zone refining process (heating rate, rod feed and rotation) during taper, and utilization of this by the various control 125 means ensures a proper “bag” which freezes to form the taper as the crystal is grown from the seed to the final rod diameter and back to the small diameter again The pair of sensor arrays also acccurately locates the 130 1,570,590 liquid zone and through servo motors controlling the image projection mirrors, maintains the image of the “bag” on the sensor arrays This method of controlling the heating element, its position relative to the rods and the relative movement between the portions by the position and shape of the “bag” allows a fully automated monocrystalline growing process for silicon and other semiconductor materials.
Figure 1 is a side view of the operable portion of the zone refiner indicating the mechanical operation of the various control functions.
Figure 2 is an oblique view of the operable relationship of the mechanical-optical portion of the automated zone refiner.
Figure 3 is a front view of one of the masked sensor arrays used in the automated zone refiner.
Figure 4 is a perspective view showing the zone refiner image that is projected upon one of the masked sensor arrays.
Figure 5 is a block diagram showing the initial processing of the signals from the photo-sensor arrays.
Figure 6 is an operational block diagram showing how the output signals of Figure 5 are processed into control signals to operate the zone refiner controls of Figure 1.
Referring now to the drawings wherein like reference numerals designate identical parts throughout the several views, Figure 1 shows the operational relationship which makes up a typical zone refiner A polycrystalline silicon rod 11 is melted by radio frequency (RF) induction heating coil 12.
The molten silicon 13 gradually freezes into a monocrystalline rod 14 This monocrystalline growth is initiated by a seed crystal 15 which is supported on crystal base 16 The coil 12 is fixed in the vertical direction but is free to be controllably moved in a horizontal direction by the coil drive 17 As the polycrystalline rod 11 is melted, it is rotated by the top rotation motor drive 18 as well as pushed towards the heating coil 12 by the top push-pull drive 19 The refrozen monocrystalline rod 15 is also rotated but in the opposite direction, by the bottom rotation motor drive 20 as it is pulled away from the heater coil 12 by the bottom pull drive 21 The amount of heat generated in the silicon material by the coil 12 is controlled by the induction heating circuit 22.
For clarity of understanding, the mechanical attachments of the coil drive, induction heating, bottom pull, top push-pull, top rotation and bottom rotation drives have not been shown, but are well known to those skilled in the art of zone refining.
Figure 2 shows the means by which the image of the refining zone 23 is transmitted to the sensor screens 24 and 25 An infrared filter 26 filters out an infrared portion of the transmitted light allowing the visible light to be reflected by fixed mirrors 27 and 28 to the vertical position mirrors 32 and 33, respectively The images which are reflected by the mirrors 32 and 33 are positioned by 70 torque motors 34 and 35 which are controlled by torque motor controllers 36 and 37, respectively The images are projected through focusing lenses 38 and 39, reflected by deflection mirrors 40 and 41 and the 75 horizontal position mirrors 42 and 43 onto sensor screens 24 and 25 and sensor arrays 46 and 47 Image positions are controlled by the angular rotation of the horizontal position mirrors 42 and 43 These are rotated 80 by motors 48 and 49 which are controlled by motor controllers 50 and 51, respectively.
An electrical output, indicative of the horizontal position of the images, is given by rotary variable differential transformers 85 (RVD Ts) 52 and 53, respectively.
Figure 3 shows the detail of one embodiment of the sensor construction using a commercially available four element sensor array which is covered by opaque mask 61 90 The basic sensor array 60 in this embodiment is a “pin spot/4 d” photo detector commercially available from United Detector Technology, Santa Monica, California The four active elements 62, 63, 64 and 65 com 95 bine with the apertures 66, 67 and 68 to give sensor areas Zr, Bq, Ze and Dq More specifically, aperture 66 overlaps sensors 63 and 64 to define sensor areas Zr and Bq which are horizontally aligned Aperture 67 over 100 laps sensor 62 to define sensor area Ze, and aperture 68 overlaps sensor 65 to define sensor area Dq Apertures 67 and 68, -and hence sensor areas Zc and Dq, are vertically displaced with respect to one another 105 Figure 4 shows the location of the sensor array 46 on the screen 24 with refining zone image 44 superimposed thereon The image is comprised of three identifiable areas The meniscus overhang of molten silicon or the 110 “bag” is designated by numeral 74 Interface 76 is between the molten silicon and the frozen monocrystalline silicon rod, the edge of which is designated by numeral 78.
The sensor areas Zr and Zc are used to 115 detect the interface 76, while the sensor areas Bq and Dq are separately used to detect the “bag” 74 and the edge 78 Sensor leads 80 carry signals representing the intensity of the light striking sensor areas Zr, Zc, 120 Bq and Dq It will be understood by those skilled in the art that because two complete sensor arrays are utilized as indicated in Figure 2, there will be a similar sensor on a separate and independent screen 25 located 125 such that the opposite side of the molten silicon zone image 45 strikes the array 47 as is more clearly seen in Figure 2 It will be further understood that the sensor located on the opposite side from the sensor shown 130 1,570,590 in Figure 4 will have a mirror image arrangement of the sensor areas indicated in Figure 3, such that sensor area Bq remains at the “bag” edge, sensor area Dq remains on the monocrystalline rod edge, etc Thus, the sensor areas Zr( 1) and Zc( 1) of sensor array 46 are used to position the image 44 on screen 24 and sensor areas Zr( 2) and Zc( 2) of sensor array 47 are used to position the image 45 on screen 25 by detecting the zone interface 76 An error algorithm for finding the zone interface was developed from a series of intensity plots of tapers and side diameters The algorithm is as follows:
E=K 4 lK(Zc- 4) + K 2 (ZC-Zr)-K,(Zc-Zrg, p)l where Kl, K, K, and K 4 are constants, and Zr,, is a set point value for Zr The first term (Zc- 4) contributes to the error signal E for values of Zc greater than 4 and is set to zero for all values of Zc less than 4 The second term (Zc-Zr) contributes to the error signal for all values when Zr is greater than Zc When Zr is less than Zc, the second term is set to zero The third term (Zc-Zr,) contributes to the error signal only if both the first and second terms are zero Otherwise, this term is set to zero The negative sign preceding this last term is to correct the control action when the proper set point value is reached on the liquid side of the interface The sum of these three terms is used as an error signal E to move the vertical position mirrors 32 and 33 The constants K 1, K 2 and K 3 have been found in practice to be approximately 3 5, 8 7 and 9.3, respectively.
Referring to Figure 5, the zone interface algorithm is implemented in one embodiment by analog computing circuits While the algorithm is implemented for both of sensor arrays 46 and 47, a description will be provided with respect to array 46 only, it being understood that the same description also applies to array 47 The first term of the error algorithm is computed by summing amplifier 101 and multiplier 102 More specifically, the signal generated by the sensor area Zc(l) is supplied to the positive input of the summing amplifier 101 while the value 4 is supplied to the negative input of the summing amplifier 101 The output of summing amplifier 101 is supplied to multiplier 102 which multiplies this signal by the constant K, In a similar manner, the second term of the error algorithm is computed by summing amplifier 103 and multiplier 104 The outputs of multipliers 102 and 104 are summed by summing amplifier 105 The third term is computed by summing amplifier 106 and multiplier 107.
The error signal E which is supplied to torque motor controller 36 is generated by multiplier 108 which combines the outputs of summing amplifier 105 and multiplier 107 and multiplies this combined signal by a constant K 4 A sign select circuit 110 controls the polarity of the output of multiplier 70 108 The reason for this is that there is a peak in luminosity versus vertical position at the interface 76, and the sign select determines which side of the peak the sensor is detecting In a similar manner, an error 75 signal E 1 is generated and supplied to torque motor controller 37 The result of these computations is to generate control signals for each of motors 34 and 35, respectively, to accurately position the images 44 and 45 80 in the vertical direction on screens 24 and 25, respectively That is, the images are positioned so that the interface image 76 is positioned between sensor areas Ze and Zr of the sensor arrays 46 and 47 85 In addition to vertically positioning the images, it is also necessary to horizontally position the images and, in so doing, to measure the diameter of the rod The diameter measurement is, of course, critical to 90 the tapering-out and tapering-in control as well as maintaining an accurate diameter of the rod throughout its principal length Signals developed by the sensor areas Dq(I) and Dq( 2) of sensor arrays 46 and 47 are 95 supplied to the positive inputs of summing amplifiers 109 and 111, respectively Amplifiers 109 and 111 also receive set point signals at their respective inputs and provide outputs to the motor controllers 50 and 51, 100 respectively As a result, control signals are supplied to motors 48 and 49 to cause the rotation of mirrors 42 and 43, respectively.
This results in the horizontal positioning of the images on screens 24 and 25 RVDT 52, 105 on a common shaft with motor 48, and RVDT 53, on a common shaft with motor 49, provide output signals corresponding to the angular displacements of mirrors 42 and 43, respectively These signals are supplied 110 to summing amplifier 112, the output of which is provided to a calibration amplifier 113 to generate a signal proportional to rod diameter.
Finally, “bagging” is measured on both 115 sides of the rod by using the signals generated by sensor areas Dq and Bq More specifically, the signals from sensor areas Dq( 1) and Bq(l) are supplied to summing amplifier 114, while the signals from sensor 120 areas Dq( 2) and Bq( 2) are supplied to summing amplifier 115 The outputs of summing amplifiers 114 and 115 are supplied via calibration amplifiers 116 and 117 to summing amplifiers 118 and 119 Summing amplifier 125 118 computes the difference of the “bag” signals, and this difference as supplied by calibration amplifier 121, is used to produce a centering signal for the heater coil as will be explained in more detail with respect to 130 1,570,590 Figure 6 Summing amplifier 119 computes the sum of the “bag” signals to provide a more accurate measure of the total “bagging” at the output of calibration amplifier 122.
One additional signal is generated by the analog circuitry of Figure 5 This is the zone position signal which is computed by summing amplifier 123 and calibration amplifier 124 This computation is preformed on signals supplied to summing amplifier 123 by torque motor controllers 36 and 37.
The outputs of each of the calibration amplifiers 113, 121, 122, and 124 are supplied to the analog and control circuitry illustrated in Figure 6 to generate the control signals for the several controls shown in Figure 1 By reference to Figure 1, the functional relationship of various control systems can be understood If the heating rate of the induction heater 12 is too high, more molten silicon 13 will accumulate than can be retained, even with its relatively high surface tension, resulting in “spill over” of molten silicon over the edge of the frozen monocrystalline rod 14 The same result will be attained if the top push-pull drive 19 pushes the polycrystalline rod 11 towards the heater coil 12 at too high a rate or if the bottom pull drive 21 pulls the monocrystalline rod 14 downward at too slow a rate Both rod portions 11 and 14 are rotated in the opposite directions by motor drives 18 and 20 to obtain a higher degree of mixing improving the efficiency of the zones refining process This additionally provides a degree of symmetry in the refreezing portion of the rod The coil drive 17 positions the induction heating coil 12 such that it remains centered on the axis of the refreezing monocrystalline rod 14 after the taper reaches a size which allows sufficient induction heat coupling as will be discussed further hereinafter.
Initially, the seed crystal 15 is bonded to the crystal base 16 and raised to a point just below the plane of the heater coil 12.
Because silicon is a very poor conductor at room temperatures when in a highly refined state, an external heating device (not shown), is used to bring the polycrystalline rod up to the temperature at which the induction heating coil 12 can sufficiently couple electromagnetically and melt the polycrystalline rod 11 When the polycrystalline rod begins to melt a droplet is formed on the end which extends downward through the coil The seed crystal 15 is then raised to contact the droplet Because of the small size of the seed crystal, the coil is moved off-center to allow a higher RF coupling between the seed and the coil When the top of the seed melts, the seed is drawn down and away from the coil as the polycrystalline rod is pushed toward the coil The molten silicon will form an “hourglass’ shape between the pol rcrystalline rod and the seed crystal If there is sufficient molten material suspended, it will bulge or “bag” over the edge of the seed crystal As the seed crystal moves away 70 from the heater coil, the portion of the “bag” adjacent to the top of the seed crystal will freeze with a monocrystalline orientation If the “bag” is maintained, the diameter of the frozen portion will increase 75 Since the object is to attain the desired rod diameter as quickly as possible, the sharpest possible increase in diameter is desired and thus a large amount of molten “bag is required This “bag” must be kept right on 80 the edge of a “spillover” without actually allowing molten silicon to flow down the side of the seed crystal.
The control of the “bag” is the critical factor in growing the rod from the 5 mm 85 diameter seed crystal to the 80 mm or larger diameter monocrystalline rod Of course once the rod reaches its desired diameter, it is then necessary to bring about a transition to a straight solid rod while accurately 90 maintaining the diameter as the float zone refining continues up the length of the rod.
At the top of the rod, it is desired to taper back down to as small a diameter as possible because even after the heater is turned 95 off and the molten section “freezes out”, the removal of the top portion of the,crystal causes a dislocation shock that is transmitted approximately one diameter down the rod.
If the 80 mm diameter was maintained, -the 100 top 80 mm would be useless for silicon wafers because the transmitted dislocations would adversely affect the wafers’ electrical properties Therefore, it is desirable to reduce the diameter as much as possible so 105 that only a minimum amount of rod is lost.
The foregoing functions are accomplished with the analog and control circuitry shown in Figure 6 The output of amplifier 121 is applied to a summing amplifier 126 and sub 110 tracted from a desired taper coil set point supplied by a function generator 127 This set point is connected to the amplifier 126 only during the taper process through contacts 128 of the taper/straight (T/S) relay 115 and is set at 0 during the non-taper, straight portion of the refining process The T/S relay is shown in the taper position The difference between the desired taper coil set point and the output of amplifier 121 is then 120 sent to the coil controller 129 which operates the coil positioning through the manual/ automatic (M/A) relay 131 This set point allows the coil to be offset at the beginning of the taper to provide an increased RF 125 coupling with the small seed crystal After the growth starts, the set point signal gradually decreases until the coil is centered This coil positioning also permits zone refining of silicon rods which are slightly bowed or 130 1,570,590 “doglegged” After the taper operation is terminated, the set point goes to zero allowing the output of amplifier 121 to position the coil 12 through coil drive 17 to ensure uniformity During manual operation, the coil drive 17 is adjusted through manual actuation of the controls, and it is only during automatic operation that the coil controller 129 controls the coil position The coil moves in and out along a radius of the finished rod which is perpendicular to the axis of the rod and in the plane of the two sensor arrays This then centers the monocrystalline rod 14 as it is grown.
The desired straight rod diameter is set in at 132 as a set point which is supplied to a desired zone length processor 133 to give an output according to the following equation:
zonelength (zl)=kld-k 0, wherein k, and k O are constants and d is the desired diameter The output of processor 133 is supplied to the positive input of summing amplifier 134 which receives as its negative input, the output of amplifier 124 The output of summing amplifier 134 is a zone error signal This signal is transmitted via contacts 135 of the T/S relay only during the straight side operation to the heat controller 136 which is then fed through the manual/automatic (M/A) relay 137 to the induction heating coil 12 Thus, if the zone position or the interface 76 between the molten silicon and the frozen monocrystalline rod 14 tends to move above the sensors, the zone position output would tend to create a larger zone error increasing the amount of heat applied to the induction coil thereby increasing the amount of molten material and causing the freezing interface to move down, further away from the coil.
During taper operations, the heat controller 136 is not controlled by the zone error signal but by the negative bagging controlller 138 which is a function of the amplifier 122 output The output of amplifier 122 provides a measure of the slope of thefreezing interface, in other words, how much the “bag” overhangs the freezing rod The diameter output from amplifier 113 is subtracted from the desired side diameter in a summing amplifier 139, and the resultant diameter error signal is transmitted to the “bag” set point and taper processor 141.
The processor 141 provides a gradually decreasing signal as the desired diameter is approached to promite an even transition to the straight side crystal growth The output of amplifier 122 is subtracted from the output of processor 141 by summing amplifier 142, and the resulting difference signal is supplied to the negative bagging controller 138 through contacts 143 of the T/S relay.
During taper operations, the output of negative bagging controller 138 is also supplied to top push-pull controller 144 However, during non-taper operations, the output of summing amplifier 139 is supplied as 70 one input to controller 144 through contacts of the T/S relay The other input to controller 144 during non-taper operations is the output of amplifier 122 through relay contacts 146 of the T/S relay Therefore, 75 if the diameter of the rod is getting too large or the bag signal is getting too great, the controller 144 would tend to slow down the amount of top push on the polycrystalline rod 11 and thus its rate of melting would 80 tend to decrease This then decreases the amount of molten material and decreases the “bag” associated with that molten zone.
This also tends to decrease the diameter at the freezing interface until the diameter 85 error signal is again 0.
The output of amplifier 142 is transmitted through contacts 143 of the T/S relay during taper operations to the positive bagging controller 147 as well as the negative bagging 90 controller 138 If the signal is of a positive polarity, the positive bagging controller 147 will actuate the bottom pull drive 21 through the manual/automatic (M/A) relay 148 until there is an insufficient positive signal, while 95 providing no control output if there is a negative polarity signal Similarly, the negative bagging controller 138 will produce an output to both the top push-pull controller 144 and the heat controller 136 if there is 100 a negative polarity signal but has no output for a positive polarity signal This, then, insures that the heat applied to the induction coil 12 through heat controller 136 and the amount of top push is sufficient to maintain 105 the proper bag during the taper operations.
The diameter error signal from amplifier 139 is supplied through contacts 149 of the T/S relay during the taper operations to the top rotation controller 151 and the bottom 110 rotation controller 152, through the separate manual/automatic relays 153 and 154, respectively, which decreases the rotational speed as a function of the increasing diameter such that the centrifugal force acting 115 upon the “bag” remains the same when the radius of the monocrystalline rod 14 increases during the taper operations.
It will be understood that the tapering-in operation can be initiated by a suitable time 120 or distance input when a predetermined length of rod has been zone refined (e g, by operating a microswitch when a suitable length has been traversed) by providing a reduced diameter signal at 132 For example, 125 a different diameter set point is switched in and summed at 139 An operator can also be signalled, as by a bell, when tapering-in begins.
During straight side control, reset action 130 71,570,590 is switched in, in addition to the proportional control, to eliminate any long term accumulated errors of the diameter error signal.
Thus, it can be seen that the entire zone refining operation is completely automated with the exception of setting the initial parameters, such as the desired tapering angle and the finished rod diameter before initiation of operation In this manner, the sizes of refined monocrystalline silicon rods can be very closely controlled while reducing or eliminating wasted material Numerous variations upon the basic circuitry required for this operation can be made by those skilled in the art, but the principle of sensing the “bag” shape and using the shape to electromechanically control the zone refiner operation allows the elimination of the human operator which was required by all previous zone refiners, at least during the taper process.

Claims (12)

WHAT WE CLAIM IS: –

1 An automatic floating-zone refiner for the zone refining of semiconductor rods, said refiner including a rod end holder and a seed crystal holder vertically spaced from each other defining a vertical processing axis, said rod end holder being adapted to have mounted therein a polycrystalline rod of semiconductor material to be refined and said crystal holder being adapted to have mounted therein a refreezing monocrystalline seed crystal rod of semiconductor material, said holders being relatively movable with respect to each other along said vertical processing axis, a radio frequency induction heating coil, an energy source to energize said heating coil to melt said polycrystalline rod thereby forming an interface between the molten portion of said rod and the refreeezing monocrystalline rod, the edge of said molten portion having a slope at said interface, said refiner including means for varying the heating rate of said induction heating coil, relative drive means to control the relative movement between said polycrystalline rod and said seed crystal, a rotational drive means to independently control the rotational velocity of the polycrystalline rod and monocrystalline seed crystal, a vertical drive means to control the relative vertical position of the coil with respect to said interface and a horizontal drive means to control the horizontal position of the coil, said refiner being capable of zone refining and growing of monocrystalline semiconductor rods, the improvement comprising:
projection means for controllably projecting said interface image upon a screen.
sensing means, mounted upon said screen at an edge of the image projected thereon, for sensing the position of the interface image and generating signals in response to the vertical and horizontal positions of the image as well as said slope of the molten portion of the semiconductor material above said interface; and processing means, responsive to the signals 70 from said sensing means, -for controlling said heat generated by the heating coil, said relative drive means, said rotational drive means and said vertical drive means as a function of the vertical and horizontal 75 positions and the slope of the molten portion of said interface image.

2 An apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising; position controlling means for comparing 80 the vertical and horizontal image position signals from said sensing means with predetermined vertical and horizontal position values and generating vertical and horizontal error signals for controlling said projection 85 means to maintain said interface image at a precise location on said sensing means; and said projection means is comprised of a vertical positioning means and a horizontal 90 positioning means responsive to said position controlling means, for positioning said interface image vertically and horizontally on said sensing means.

3 An apparatus according to claim 2 95 wherein said vertical and horizontal positioning means are comprised of vertical and horizontal deflection mirrors positioned by vertical and horizontal motors controlled by vertical and horizontal controllers, respec 100 tively, wherein said controllers generate motor control signals to operate said vertical and horizontal in response to the error signals from said position controlling means, said vertical and horizontal motors changing 105 the respective vertical and horizontal angles of said deflection mirrors to correctly position said interface image on said screen.

4 An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said sensing means includes a four 110 element photo diode with a mask superposed thereon, said mask having apertures therein which, in combination with said photo diode, define a four-sensor photo diode array upon which said interface image 115 is focused.

An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said sensing means has at least first and second sensors adjacent to said interface image and said second sensor being illumi 120 nated by said refreezing monocrystalline rod portion of said interface image, said first and second sensors producing outputs Zr and Z,, respectively, and said sensing means further comprising: 125 first summing means for comparing said Z O output of the sensing means with a preset value and producing no output if the output is less than said value producing an output signal proportional to the difference between 130 1,570,590 the two if the Z O is greater than said preset value; a second summing means for comparing said Z, and Zr output and producing an output proportional to the difference thereof only if Zr is greater than Z producing no output otherwise; third summing means for comparing said Z, output with a second preset value and producing an output proportional to the difference thereof only if no outputs are produced by said first and second summing means; first multiplier means for multiplying the output of said first summing means by a constant K,; second multiplier means for multiplying the output of said second summing means by a constant K 2; third multiplier means for multiplying the output of said third summing means by a constant K,; combination summing and multiplying means for combining as a sum outputs of said first, second and third multiplier means and multiplying said sum by a constant K 4 and whose output is represented by the following equation:
Output = KJK,(Z, preset value) + K 2 (Z,-Zr)+K(Zo-preset value)l, said output being a function of the difference in position between said interface image and the junction between said first and second sensors.

6 An apparatus according to claim 5 wherein said projection means comprises:
vertical image deflection mirror; and torque motor means responsive to the output of said combination summing amplifier and multiplying means for varying the deflection angle of said vertical image deflection mirror to maintain said interface image on said first and second sensors.

7 An apparatus according to claim 6 wherein said sensing means further comprises a third sensor illuminated by the edge of the image of said refreezing monocrystalline rod adjacent to said interface image, said third sensor producing an output Dq which is proportional to the edge intensity of the illumination by said interface image.
said output Dq being a measure of said refreezing monocrystalline rod diameter.

8 An apparatus according to claim 7 wherein said projection means furthe comprises:
horizontal image deflection mirror; torque motor means responsive to said output Dq for varying the deflection angle of said horizontal image deflection mirror and maintaining said interface image of the edge of said refreezing monocrystalline rod on said third sensor.

9 An apparatus according to claim 7 wherein said sensing means further comprises a fourth sensor illuminated by the image of said edge of said molten portion, said fourth sensor producing an output B, which is proportional to said slope.

An apparatus according to claim 9 wherein said processing means comprises; diameter set means for providing an output proportional to the desired monocrystalline rod diameter; desired zone length means responsive to the output of said diameter set means for providing an output proportional to the desired length of said molten portion and polycrystalline rod; first comparison means for comparing the output of said combined summing and multiplying means with the output of said desired zone length means during said zone-refining; and diameter error means responsive to said output Dq and the output of said diameter set means for producing an output proportional to the difference therebetween.

11 An apparatus according to claim 10 wherein said relative drive means and said vertical drive means comprise:
top push-pull means, responsive to both the output Bq and said output of said diameter error means during said zone-refining, for positioning said rod end holder along said vertical processing axis.

12 An apparatus according to claim 1 substantially as herein described with reference to any of Figures 1 to 6 of the accompanying drawings.
M F CLARKE, Chartered Patent Agent, Monsanto House, 10-18 Victoria Street, London SW 1 H ONQ.
Printed for Her Majesty’s Stationery Office by Burgess & Son (Abingdon), Ltd -1980.
Published at The Patent Office, 25 Southampton Buildings, London, WC 2 A l AY, from which copies may be obtained.
S

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1975-12-29
1976-12-29
Zone refining

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Gennady Sergeevich Burkhanov
Crucibleless zone smelting process for growing crystalline ingots and a device for carrying out said process

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1977-07-07

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