GB1590402A - Creation of Inventions and Patents with Artificial Intelligence

GB1590402A – Process and an additive for accelerating the drying of offset printing inks
– Google Patents

GB1590402A – Process and an additive for accelerating the drying of offset printing inks
– Google Patents
Process and an additive for accelerating the drying of offset printing inks

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Publication number
GB1590402A

GB1590402A
GB3996/77A
GB399677A
GB1590402A
GB 1590402 A
GB1590402 A
GB 1590402A
GB 3996/77 A
GB3996/77 A
GB 3996/77A
GB 399677 A
GB399677 A
GB 399677A
GB 1590402 A
GB1590402 A
GB 1590402A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
ink
additive
weight
printing
ethylene oxide
Prior art date
1976-10-08
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)

Expired

Application number
GB3996/77A
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)

Salvat Editores SA

Original Assignee
Salvat Editores SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
1976-10-08
Filing date
1977-04-01
Publication date
1981-06-03

1977-04-01
Application filed by Salvat Editores SA
filed
Critical
Salvat Editores SA

1981-06-03
Publication of GB1590402A
publication
Critical
patent/GB1590402A/en

Status
Expired
legal-status
Critical
Current

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Classifications

C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON

C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS

C08L71/00—Compositions of polyethers obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers

C08L71/02—Polyalkylene oxides

C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR

C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR

C09D11/00—Inks

C09D11/02—Printing inks

C09D11/03—Printing inks characterised by features other than the chemical nature of the binder

C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR

C09D11/00—Inks

C09D11/02—Printing inks

C09D11/10—Printing inks based on artificial resins

C09D11/102—Printing inks based on artificial resins containing macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions other than those only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds

C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR

C09D11/00—Inks

C09D11/02—Printing inks

C09D11/14—Printing inks based on carbohydrates

Description

PATENT SPECIFICATION ( 11) 1 590 402
e ( 21) Application No 3996/77 ( 22) Filedl Apr 1977 ( 19) N , ( 31) Convention Application No 2645550 ( 32) Filed 8 Oct 1976 in 2, b ( 33) Fed Rep of Germany (DE) ( 44) Complete Specification Published 3 Jun 1981 tn ( 51) INT CL 3 C 09 D 11/02 7/12 / CO 8 L 71/02 83/04 ( 52) Index at Acceptance C 4 A C 16 C 17 C 2 C 3 R 27 C C 8 T M C 3 T 6 D 4 B 6 H 4 E C 3 Y B 230 B 240 B 241 F 104 ( 54) PROCESS AND AN ADDITIVE FOR ACCELERATING THE DRYING OF OFFSET PRINTING INKS ( 71) We, SALVAT EDITORES, S A, a Spanish Company of Mallorca, 41 Barcelona, Spain, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the
following statement:-
A fact known to experts in offset printing is that quicker drying of the printing is obtained 5 with a stuccoed paper having an alkaline p H than with a paper having an acid p H and that the speed of drying or setting bears a relation to the value of the p H of the paper, which is that the more alkaline the paper the quicker the drying of the printing, so that subsequent operations can be conducted with a greater speed Another important result is that by accelerating the drying or setting of the ink the risks of setoff are reduced 10 Paper manufacturers do not produce paper having an alkaline p H instead of an acid p H.
Apparently this is subject to conditions relating to manufacture and price Although papers having an alkaline p H are available in the market, said alkalinity does not reach the value necessary to obtain the required effects.
Since it is impossible to obtain results through this route and since it is known that the 15 sought-for quick drying action takes place between the alkaline surface of the paper and the ink, the inventors decided to make alkaline the water which wets the printing plates, in the belief that the desired effect would also be obtained, inasmuch as the printing ink and the water are in contact on the printing plate.
Following this line of thought, it was discovered that, in an offset printing system, if the 20 wetting water of the plates is alkaline, having a p H of 12 for example, a quick drying of the ink is obtained, practically in half the time when compared with water having the conventional acid p H, with a coefficient of 6.
This quicker drying or setting presents the additional advantage that, as a result of the alkaline p H of the water, the ink, on contacting the printing plate, has more affinity therewith 25 and a more uniform and compact printing is obtained which represents a stronger colour and a brighter lustre than when printing with water having a p H of 6, as conventionally used.
Another appreciable advantage, a consequence of the reduction in drying time, is that not only is the risk of setoff reduced, but the risk of stains due to the displacement of the printed sheets of paper on the sheets below them, is also reduced 30 All the experts consulted as well as the text books and manuals published on this subject, such as: P ALBISER in the review FACHHEFITE, USTRUNK on PAPIER VERARBEITER, A BASTERO on RELACIONES TINTA PAPEL, circulars on information AFAG, J GUSSINYER in his book RELACIONES TINTA PAPEL, Catedra de Technologia Papelere de TARRASA Espania, and K KEIM in his book PAPEL, agreed that it would be 35 impossible to print with water having an alkaline p H since the following problems would arise:
saponification of the ink and, consequently, emulsion of the colour of said ink since the alkali will react with the fatty acids of the ink.
disappearance of the lacquer of the offset plates and, therefore, disappearance of the image 40 to be printed due to the etching of the alkali on said lacquer.
possible “application” of the water on the stuccoed paper, due to the etching of the alkali on the surface of the paper.
Tests were therefore carried out using alkaline water, but the results of these tests were not satisfactory 45 2 1,590,402 An alternative approach was then tried, in which an additive was added to the printing ink with the object of making the water alkaline at the moment when the ink and the wetting water came into contact during printing Thus, the present invention consists in a process for accelerating the drying of offset printing ink, wherein 0 5 to 8 % by weight of an additive is added to the ink, which additive, during printing, raises the p H of the wetting water to an 5 alkaline value of 12, and does not react with the ingredients of the ink The additive preferably comprises an amino polydimethylsiloxane In addition to a component which has the effect mentioned, the additive can also contain an ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymer.
As the additive, a polymer of the silicone type was decided on, and tests were conducted 10 with siloxanes which are chemically inactive The first test carried out was conducted by adding to a conventional offset printing ink 4 % by weight of an amino polydimethylsiloxane which is a silicon polymer available in the market and used to improve the lustre of chassis of automobiles and to protect them from oxidation, increasing their resistance to abrasive action and detergents, and protecting them from the corrosion of the chrome and aluminium 15 The results of this test can be classified as very good The printing ink dried quickly and, therefore, there were no setoffs or “scratches”, a high increase in the lustre of the ink and a greater cleanliness in the printing were observed There was no accumulation in the water wetters nor problems with regards to precipitation in the printing ink.
The process of the invention can therefore be carried out using an amino polydimethyl 20 siloxane as the additive 1 to 6 % (by wt) of this additive is preferably added.
Furthermore, a test was made with a non-ionic tensoactive agent comprised of an ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymer, the main relevant characteristic of which is that the ethylene oxide is relatively hydrophilic while the propylene oxide is relatively hydrophobic.
For the end purposes in question, a non-ionic tensoactive copolymer was used, in principle, 25 comprised of 20 % ethylene oxide and 80 % propylene oxide, on the assumption that in this way the affinity of the ink with respect to the printing water would be correct taking into account the hydrophilic and hydrophobic characteristics of the two oxides, whereby polymerization of the ink and, therefore, its quick drying would be facilitated.
Consequently various tests were carried out, adding to a conventional offset printing ink 30 certain amounts of the tensoactive agent described in the preceding paragraph Thus in one test 1 % of the agent was added to the ink, while in subsequent tests 2, 3 and 4 % was added, respectively.
The results were good, obtaining a good drying of the inks and an increase in lustre.
However, a certain lack of repellency to the water was observed in the image reserve zone of 35 the plate.
Subsequent to these tests, new tests were conducted inverting the proportions of the components of the tensoactive agent, that is to say 20 % propylene oxide and 80 % ethylene oxide.
The proportion added to the ink was 3 % and the result was better than in the prior test 40 since, while maintaining the same positive characteristics, the repellency to water in the imaging zone of the printing plate was improved.
The tests were continued, adding to the ink different percentages, between 1 and 8 %, of the mentioned copolymer 42 different tests were conducted and all of them gave, to a greater or lesser degree, the positive qualities desired, thus obtaining: 45 quick drying of the ink; greater lustre of the ink; and greater cleanliness of the printing.
As a result of the quick drying of the ink, the risk of setoff of the printing is reduced; the risk of staining through surface displacement (hauling) of the sheets of paper is also reduced 50 It was observed that no accumulations were produced on the dampening rollers in all these cases.
The process of the invention can therefore be carried out using a copolymer additive comprising 15 to 85 %bywt of ethylene oxide and 85 to 15 %bywt of propylene oxide.
The invention can also be carried out with an additive made up of 15 to 85 %by weight of an 55 amino polydimethylsiloxane and 85 to 15 % by weight of an ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymer, wherein the proportion of ethylene oxide in the copolymer is 13 to 46 % by weight.
A composition was prepared containing 25 % of an amino polydimethylsiloxane and 75 % of copolymer comprising 20 % propylene oxide and 80 % ethylene oxide, 3 % of which 60 composition was added to the ink The results obtained were excellent.
Another composition was prepared containing 25 %of an amino polydimethylsiloxane and % of a copolymer comprised of 20 % ethylene oxide and 80 % propylene oxide 2 %of this composition was added to the ink and the results exceeded those of the preceding test.
After various tests, it can be affirmed that best results are obtained with the use of from 1 to 65 1,590,402 1,590,402 % of the composition comprised of 25 % of an amino polydimethylsiloxane plus 75 % of a copolymer containing 20 % of ethylene oxide and 80 % of propylene oxide, added to a conventional offset ink.
The components of the additive produce their effects at the time of printing and, consequently the additive can be incorporated directly to any one of the inks available in the 5 market at the time of use, or else it can be included in said ink during its manufacture.
When the ink with the additive passes from the ink block to the plate is contacts the wetting water and the amino polydimethylsiloxane, which is dissolved in the fatty vehicle of the ink, is hydrolysed in the presence of the acid water with which the printing plate has been dampened This hydrolysis frees the functional amine, which makes the water on the plate 10 alkaline.
The alkaline water is absorbed by the tensoactive propylene oxide/ethylene oxide copolymer, to a degree governed by the hydrophobic and hydrophilic nature of the respective oxides.
As a result thereof, breakage of the double bonds of the carbon chains and of the ink takes 15 place, which admit oxygen Thus, an oxypolymerization, catalyzed by the oxides, is produced.
The silicone, on the other hand, produces in the ink a slippery effect without abrasion, improving the transference of the ink It also moves to the surface of the printing, forming a lubricating layer.
Under these circumstances drying of the ink is accelerated in such a way that in many cases 20 it completely prevents setoff and scratches which the sheets could undergo at the exit of the printing machine.
To verify the results obtained, an offset printing machine having four bodies of the Ultra Man type, Model VII-G, was used To obtain a four-colour print 3 % of a mixture comprised of 25 % of an amino polydimethylsiloxane plus 75 % ethylene oxide/propylene oxide 25 copolymer, in a ratio of 20 %ethylene oxide and 80 %propylene oxide, was added to each one of the inks used.
In order to add technical difficulties to the test, a printing plate was used whose etching was of 80 % of printed surface.
A stuccoed paper, both surfaces of which had a lustre, was chosen, having dimensions of 30 109 x 151 cm and a gram weight of 100 g Ms/M 2, giving a 164 gram weight per sheet.
All these difficulties were gravely increased by the fact that the working speed of the machine was fixed at about 7,800 sheets/hour.
Under these conditions, tests were conducted using two types of ink:
a) CIDESA type G-7, having the following viscosities and ink transferring forces (TAK, a 35 measure of the force involved in transferring ink from one surface to another):
VISCOSITIES FORCES Yellow 720 poises 19,000 dynes Blue 640 ” 18,000 40 Red 550 ” 17,000 Black 350 ” 10,000 b) FICIS, class LAMPOLUX:
VISCOSITIES FORCES Yellow 475 poises 8,500 Dynes 45 Blue 290 ” 15,000 Red 710 ” 18,500 Black 375 ” 11,000 1 hours after printing, the drying of the ink was sufficient to enable printing of the sheet 50 again on the surface opposite to that already printed.
Thorough drying was achieved between 8 and 12 hours after printing.
An identical test, using the same types of ink and paper, was conducted with the printing machine used in the preceding test, but in this case no additions were made to the ink and, disregarding the problems which were presented with regards to setoff and scratches, the ink 55 was not sufficiently dry to enable printing of the other side of the sheet until 5 or 6 hours had lapsed, and the thorough drying of the sheet, as from the time of printing, took from 24 to 72 hours.
The printing inks were used under identical conditions but adding 4 % of amino polydimethylsiloxane only The drying time to enable printing was of 3/4 to 14 hours, while 60 the thorough drying did not take place until 12 to 18 hours after printing had lapsed.
In a subsequent test, 3 % of a copolymer comprised of 20 % ethylene oxide and 80 % propylene oxide was added to the printing inks used The drying time to enable printing of the sheet was of 1 to 142 hours, while the thorough drying did not take place until 18 to 24 hours from printing had lapsed 65 4 1,590,402 4 The mentioned tests, we repeat, were conducted with two different types of inks In each case their behaviour was similar.
The climatic conditions of the premises, the paper, the printing machine, the working speed, etc were always the same.
The parameters obtained in the various tests establish the following comparative summary: 5
Drying time Drying time Intermediate thorough Conventional ink 5 to 6 hrs 24 to 72 hrs 10 Complete additive ink E to 1 ” 8 to 12 ” Ink to which only amino polydimethylsiloxane 15 had been added 4 to 14 hrs 12 to 18 ” Ink to which only ethylene oxide and propylene oxide copolymer had been added ito 1 4 ” 18 to 24 ” 20 The advantage of the rate of drying is not only a time saver, irrespective of the importance thereof and irrespective of the benefit derived from a reorganization within the planning and working automation of each one of the operational steps undergone by the sheet of paper from printing until it forms part of the assembly to which it pertains: book, fascicle, review, pamphlet, catalogue, etc, but should also be considered from another more important point 25 of view, that is to say the printing quality.
On the other hand, this acceleration of the drying takes place from the very instant in which the ink contacts the water and, therefore, in many cases neither setoffs nor scratches are produced, not even when operatting at high speeds.
In effect, when on any type of paper, carton or paperboard, one or two colours are used on 30 separate areas (for example uniform colours), no kind of anti-offset agent is necessary.
Although the risk of setoff is remarkably reduced, there are many cases in which it is necessary to add to the printing inks and anti-setoff agent Therefore, the process was tested with a further additive, based on starch, and with anti-setoff properties added to the ink.
Therefore, using the same printing machine, an identical paper and identical operating 35 speed, the further additive was added to the same inks containing an amino polydimethylsiloxane and a copolymer of ethylene and propylene oxides in the aforementioned percentages.
Specifically, the further additive used was based on starch granules, the shells of which were broken, dispersed in an aliphatic solvent in the presence of an acid salt 3 % by weight of 40 this product was added to the printing ink and its behaviour was perfect without apparent alteration in the behaviour of the original additive in the ink.
The further additive can be added to the ink in quantities of from 0 5 to 20 %by weight.
The intermediate drying and complete drying tests subsequently carried out, gave identical parameters to those obtained in prior experiments 45 No setoff nor scratches were produced and the quality of the printing was optimum.

Claims (8)

WHAT WE CLAIM IS:-

1 A process for accelerating the drying of offset printing ink, wherein 0 5 to 8 % by weight of an additive is added to the ink, which additive, during printing, raises the p H of the wetting water to an alkaline value of 12 or less, and does not react with the ingredients of the 50 ink.

2 A process according to claim 1, in which the additive comprises an amino polydimethylsiloxane.

3 A process according to claim 1 or claim 2, in which a component of the additive is an ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymer 55

4 A process according to claim 3, in which the additive is made upof 15 to 85 %by weight of an amino polydimethylsiloxane and 85 to 15 % by weight of an ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymer, and the proportion of ethylene oxide in the copolymer is 13 to 46 % by weight.

5 Aprocess accordingtoclaim 3, inwhichthe additive ismade upof 15 to 35 %byweight 60 of an amino polydimethylsiloxane and 85 to 65 % by weight of an ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymer, and the proportion of ethylene oxide in the copolymer is 9 to 23 % by weight.

6 A process according to any one of the preceding claims, in which O 5 to 20 %, based on the weight of the ink, of a further additive, based on starch and with anti-setoff properties is 65 1,590,402 1,590,402 5 added to the ink.

7 A process according to claim 6, in which the further additive comprises starch granules, the shells of which are broken, dispersed in an aliphatic solvent in the presence of an acid salt.

8 A process according to claim 1, substantially as herein described.
rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr MARKS &MCLERK 5 Agents for the Applicants 57-60 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC 2 A 3 LS Printed for Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, by Croydon Printing Company Limited, Croydon, Surrey, 1981.
Published by The Patent Office, 25 Southampton Buildings, London, WC 2 A l AY, from which copies may be obtained.

GB3996/77A
1976-10-08
1977-04-01
Process and an additive for accelerating the drying of offset printing inks

Expired

GB1590402A
(en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number
Priority Date
Filing Date
Title

DE2645550A

DE2645550C3
(en)

1976-10-08
1976-10-08

Printing ink additive

Publications (1)

Publication Number
Publication Date

GB1590402A
true

GB1590402A
(en)

1981-06-03

Family
ID=5990047
Family Applications (1)

Application Number
Title
Priority Date
Filing Date

GB3996/77A
Expired

GB1590402A
(en)

1976-10-08
1977-04-01
Process and an additive for accelerating the drying of offset printing inks

Country Status (18)

Country
Link

US
(1)

US4110118A
(en)

JP
(1)

JPS5346805A
(en)

AU
(1)

AU514155B2
(en)

BR
(1)

BR7701547A
(en)

CA
(1)

CA1095014A
(en)

CH
(1)

CH631736A5
(en)

DE
(1)

DE2645550C3
(en)

DK
(1)

DK40677A
(en)

FI
(1)

FI64626C
(en)

FR
(1)

FR2367108A1
(en)

GB
(1)

GB1590402A
(en)

IE
(1)

IE44594B1
(en)

IT
(1)

IT1075109B
(en)

NL
(1)

NL176372C
(en)

NO
(1)

NO150319C
(en)

PT
(1)

PT66208B
(en)

SE
(1)

SE7701195L
(en)

ZA
(1)

ZA77704B
(en)

Cited By (1)

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Priority date
Publication date
Assignee
Title

GB2180252A
(en)

1985-08-06
1987-03-25
Canon Kk
Recording liquid and recording method by use thereof

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Priority date
Publication date
Assignee
Title

US6265594B1
(en)

1998-08-04
2001-07-24
Franks Research Labs, Inc.
Vegetable oil-based printing ink and method for producing same

US20030213404A1
(en)

2002-05-20
2003-11-20
Franks William A.
Vegetable oil-based printing ink and method for producing same

US5879748A
(en)

1997-04-29
1999-03-09
Varn Products Company Inc.
Protective lubricant emulsion compositons for printing

US20190255874A1
(en)

2016-10-18
2019-08-22
Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc.
Thermoplastic resin film laminate and resin sheet for card

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Priority date
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Assignee
Title

FR1524981A
(en)

1965-08-02
1968-05-17

Anti-smudging compounds

DE2143988C3
(en)

1971-03-26
1981-11-19
Basf Ag, 6700 Ludwigshafen

Printing pastes

US3834823A
(en)

1972-05-25
1974-09-10
Gillette Co
Marking boards and erasable ink compositions therefor

JPS5122405B2
(en)

1973-10-26
1976-07-09

JPS5641437B2
(en)

1974-03-22
1981-09-28

1976

1976-10-08
DE
DE2645550A
patent/DE2645550C3/en
not_active
Expired

1977

1977-01-31
US
US05/764,456
patent/US4110118A/en
not_active
Expired – Lifetime

1977-02-01
NO
NO770313A
patent/NO150319C/en
unknown

1977-02-01
DK
DK40677A
patent/DK40677A/en
not_active
Application Discontinuation

1977-02-01
FI
FI770358A
patent/FI64626C/en
not_active
IP Right Cessation

1977-02-01
CA
CA270,849A
patent/CA1095014A/en
not_active
Expired

1977-02-01
IE
IE204/77A
patent/IE44594B1/en
unknown

1977-02-03
SE
SE7701195A
patent/SE7701195L/en
not_active
Application Discontinuation

1977-02-07
AU
AU22010/77A
patent/AU514155B2/en
not_active
Expired

1977-02-07
FR
FR7703359A
patent/FR2367108A1/en
active
Granted

1977-02-07
CH
CH146777A
patent/CH631736A5/en
not_active
IP Right Cessation

1977-02-08
ZA
ZA770704A
patent/ZA77704B/en
unknown

1977-02-09
IT
IT20104/77A
patent/IT1075109B/en
active

1977-02-16
NL
NLAANVRAGE7701633,A
patent/NL176372C/en
not_active
IP Right Cessation

1977-02-18
PT
PT66208A
patent/PT66208B/en
unknown

1977-03-15
BR
BR7701547A
patent/BR7701547A/en
unknown

1977-04-01
GB
GB3996/77A
patent/GB1590402A/en
not_active
Expired

1977-06-01
JP
JP6458477A
patent/JPS5346805A/en
active
Granted

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party

Publication number
Priority date
Publication date
Assignee
Title

GB2180252A
(en)

1985-08-06
1987-03-25
Canon Kk
Recording liquid and recording method by use thereof

GB2180252B
(en)

1985-08-06
1989-08-23
Canon Kk
Recording liquid and recording method by use thereof

US4923515A
(en)

1985-08-06
1990-05-08
Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
Recording liquid having organic solvent with plural (C2 H4 O) moieties and recording method using the same

Also Published As

Publication number
Publication date

IE44594B1
(en)

1982-01-27

JPS552229B2
(en)

1980-01-18

FI770358A
(en)

1978-04-09

CA1095014A
(en)

1981-02-03

FI64626B
(en)

1983-08-31

DE2645550A1
(en)

1978-04-13

FR2367108B1
(en)

1981-04-30

FR2367108A1
(en)

1978-05-05

DK40677A
(en)

1978-04-09

AU514155B2
(en)

1981-01-29

NO150319B
(en)

1984-06-18

US4110118A
(en)

1978-08-29

IE44594L
(en)

1978-04-08

NL7701633A
(en)

1978-04-11

DE2645550C3
(en)

1979-10-25

CH631736A5
(en)

1982-08-31

NO150319C
(en)

1984-09-26

ZA77704B
(en)

1977-12-28

BR7701547A
(en)

1978-05-02

IT1075109B
(en)

1985-04-22

NO770313L
(en)

1978-04-11

PT66208A
(en)

1977-03-01

DE2645550B2
(en)

1979-03-15

PT66208B
(en)

1978-07-12

FI64626C
(en)

1983-12-12

JPS5346805A
(en)

1978-04-26

SE7701195L
(en)

1978-04-09

NL176372C
(en)

1985-04-01

AU2201077A
(en)

1978-08-17

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