GB2032297A - Creation of Inventions and Patents with Artificial Intelligence

GB2032297A – Method of scrubbing acid gases from gas mixtures
– Google Patents

GB2032297A – Method of scrubbing acid gases from gas mixtures
– Google Patents
Method of scrubbing acid gases from gas mixtures

Download PDF
Info

Publication number
GB2032297A

GB2032297A
GB7931382A
GB7931382A
GB2032297A
GB 2032297 A
GB2032297 A
GB 2032297A
GB 7931382 A
GB7931382 A
GB 7931382A
GB 7931382 A
GB7931382 A
GB 7931382A
GB 2032297 A
GB2032297 A
GB 2032297A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
scrubbing
solution
carbon dioxide
hexamethylene diamine
gases
Prior art date
1978-09-11
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)

Granted

Application number
GB7931382A
Other versions

GB2032297B
(en

Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)

Linde GmbH

Original Assignee
Linde GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
1978-09-11
Filing date
1979-09-10
Publication date
1980-05-08

1979-09-10
Application filed by Linde GmbH
filed
Critical
Linde GmbH

1980-05-08
Publication of GB2032297A
publication
Critical
patent/GB2032297A/en

1982-11-10
Application granted
granted
Critical

1982-11-10
Publication of GB2032297B
publication
Critical
patent/GB2032297B/en

Status
Expired
legal-status
Critical
Current

Links

Espacenet

Global Dossier

Discuss

Classifications

B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING

B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL

B01D—SEPARATION

B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols

B01D53/14—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by absorption

B01D53/1493—Selection of liquid materials for use as absorbents

C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT

C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE

C10K1/00—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide

C10K1/08—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors

C10K1/10—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors with aqueous liquids

C10K1/12—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors with aqueous liquids alkaline-reacting including the revival of the used wash liquors

C10K1/14—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors with aqueous liquids alkaline-reacting including the revival of the used wash liquors organic

C10K1/143—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors with aqueous liquids alkaline-reacting including the revival of the used wash liquors organic containing amino groups

Description

1
GB 2 032 297 A
1
SPECIFICATION
A method of scrubbing acid gases from gas mixtures containing such gases
5 The present invention relates to a method of scrubbing acid gases, in particular carbon dioxide, from gas mixtures containing such gases, using an aqueous amine solution as the scrubbing liquid.
It is well known to use aqueous solutions of amines for scrubbing acid gases, for example carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, or carbon oxysulphide, from gas mixtures. A number of the most varied compounds selected from the group of the amines have already been proposed for this purpose. Thus, for example, 10 German Patent Specification No. 1 951 751 contains a list of amines which can be used in aqueous solution 5 for scrubbing acid components from pyrolysis gases. In particular monoethanolamine, which in the meantime has become most commonly used acid gas scrubbing agent on an industrial scale, and ethylene diamine are mentioned. The applicability of these scrubbing liquids is not restricted to the scrubbing of pyrolysis gases, but can be extended to the treatment of a number of other industrial gas mixtures, for 15 example, gases poured by the gasification of coal, and synthesis gases.
Various influential factors play a part in the industrial operation of an acid gas scrubbing process. These include the maximum absorption capacity and the absorption rate of the scrubbing liquid as regards the component or components to be scrubbed out, and also the capacity for regeneration and the degree of corrosiveness of the charged scrubbing liquid. The chemical stability of the active component of the 20 scrubbing liquid and also its selectivity with regard to the component to be scrubbed out are also important. The basic limiting conditions of each individual method determine which of these influencing factors are to be considered as decisive. None of the hitherto known scrubbing liquids can be considered to be uniformly suitable as regards all these influencing factors. It has rather to be freshly decided for each individual process, which scrubbing liquid constitutes the most satisfactory compromise, taking into account the given 25 process conditions and also the composition of the crude gas to be treated. Consequently, there is always a need for new scrubbing liquds which exhibit special advantages with respect to one or more of their properties, so that in certain circumstances, the use of this liquid is advantageous, even if the remaining properties of this scrubbing liquid are no better than or even inferior to, those of the known liquids.
A special problem is always posed by the corrosiveness, particularly of the charged scrubbing liquids 30 towards parts of the plant made of steel. Overcoming the difficulties associated with this factor can lead to considerable costs, eitherthrough the need for a relatively rapid replacement of the parts of the plant in question, or through the use of high-alloy corrosion-resistant steels, or of special corrosion inhibitors. Thus, in Chemical Engineering Progress, Vol. 69, No. 2, February 1973, pages 57 to 61, extensive experiments are reported, which were carried out with the aim of finding suitable corrosion inhibitors for the system: 35 monoethanolamine: water: carbon dioxide: steel. According to this article, an inhibitor system comprising three components and, known under the trade name of “Amine Guard” was found to be the most satisfactory. If it is also possible with the help of such corrosion inhibitors to use simple carbon steels instead of corrosion-resistant steels, then this constitutes a by no means negligible factor in reducing cost. However, a constant check of the chemical composition of the system is nexessary, and losses of corrosion inhibitor 40 must be constantly made up.
It is, moreover, always worthwhile to try to reduce the quantity of scrubbing liquid circulating, since, in this way, pumping power is reduced, and the investment costs can be lowered through a reduction in the size of the certain components of the plant, for example, heat exchangers. In this connection, the absorption capacity of a scrubbing liquid is of decisive importance; the higher the absorption capacity for the 45 component to be scrubbed out, the more the amount of circulating scrubbing agent can be reduced.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method of scrubbing acid gases from gas mixtures, which is particularly economical, especially with regard to the corrosion problems arising and the quantity of scrubbing liquid which has to be circulated.
According to the invention, there is provided a method of scrubbing an acid gas or gases from a gas 50 mixture containing such acid gas or gases wherein the scrubbing of the gas mixture is effected using a scrubbing liquid consisting of an aqueous solution of hexamethylene diamine.
Comparative measurements using monoethanolamine and ethylene diamine as the scrubbing agents have shown that hexamethylene diamine exhibits outstanding properties, particularly with regard to its corrosion behaviour. It has also been found that hexamethylene diamine is also advantageous with respect 55 to other properties compared with monoethanolamine; for example, the charging capacity and also the capacity for regeneration. Disregarding the clear advantage of hexamethylene diamine as regards its corrosion behaviour, in comparison, ethylene diamine shows certain disadvantages in its charging capacity and also variable results in its regeneration capacity, depending upon the operating conditions. This will be explained in detail hereinafter on the basis of experimental results.
60 Preferably, the concentration of the hexamethylene diamine in the aqueous scrubbing solution is in the range of 5 to 40 per cent by weight, particularly 25 to 35 per cent by weight.
The method in accordance with the invention is suitable not only for the scrubbing of carbon dioxide from gas mixtures, but also for the scrubbing out of other acid components, such as hydrogen sulphide, carbon oxysulphide, an organic compounds containing sulphur.
65 The most surprising result of the experimental results referred to above is that hexamethylene diamine
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
2
GB 2 032 297 A
2
(HMDA) shows a markedly different corrosion behaviourfrom monoethanolamine (MEA) and ethylene diamine (EDA). This is evident from the following table:
5 Rate of Corrosion v in mm/a
Concentration of the Aqueous Solution
MEA Days v
EDA Days v
HMDA Days v
15% by weight
6
0.004
7
1.772
7
0.003
13
0.001
14
0.923
14
-0.001
20
-0.002
19
0.863
27
-0.005
40% by weight
6
0.388
7
8.591
7
-0.002
13
0.500
14
5.200
14
-0.002
20
0.524
19
3.582
27
-0.008
In carrying out the experimental measurements upon which the table is based, aqueous solutions of the 25 stated amines were investigated at two different concentrations. In all cases, strips of carbon steel (RR St 1404 M) of equal size were exposed for a relatively long time, measured in days, at a temperature of about 100°C in the amine solution concerned, which was saturated with carbon dioxide by the constant introduction of this gas. The rate of corrosion vwas established in each case by the changes in weight of the metal strips. These changes are expressed in mm/a, corresponding to thethickness of the layer which would 30 be removed from the surface of the strips in a year. The negative symbols resulting from the mathematical evaluation of this quantity could at first be interpreted as weight increases and the formation of a protective layer. However, this was not confirmed by the appearance of the samples. The very small values of v resulting in the cases of hexamethylene diamine and of 15% by weight of monoethanolamine are still within the limits of measurement accuracy and are thus, as supported by their appearance, rather to be assessed as 35 completely lacking in any signs of corrosion. The temperature of about 100°C maintained during the corrosion measurements corresponds roughly to the temperatures prevailing in industrial processes in a regeneration column or at the hot end of a preceding heat exchanger, where experience has shown that the most severe corrosion effects occur.
From the measured results summarised in the table, it will be seen that hexamethylene diamine has, 40 practically speaking, no corrosive action over the whole range investigated. Ethylene diamine solution, in contrast, shows severe corrosion, and is clearly disadvantageous in comparison with hexamethylene diamine at both the concentrations measured. While the conditions for monoethanolamine and hexamethylene diamine are still comparable with a 15 % solution, a 40 % solution of hexamethylene diamine is clearly superior in this case also. Further comparative measurements are illustrated in the drawings, in 45 which:-
Figure 7 is a graph in which the absorption capacity of solutions of three different amines for carbon dioxide, is plotted against time; and
Figure 2 is a graph in which the integral stripping vapour requirement solutions of the same three amines is plotted against the volume of carbon dioxide expelled.
50 The measurements serving as a basis for the diagram of Figure 1 were carried out in a shaking apparatus at about 25°C. The carbon dioxide partial pressure in the gas phase was 1 bar. The ordinate of the diagram shows the solubility X of carbon dioxide in N1/kg of solution, and the abscissa the time t in minutes. The curves 1,2 and 3 relate to 20 % by weight aqueous solutions of monoethanolamine, hexamethylene diamine and ethylene diamine respectively, curve 4 to a 40 % by weight solution of monoethanolamine and curve 5 to 55 a 35 % by weight solution of hexamethylene diamine. The curves show that the equilibrium charging is reached at a later time with hexamethylene diamine as compared with the other two amines. In the case of ethylene diamine by contrast, the equilibrium occurs relatively rapidly. When the charging values after about 5 minutes, which roughly corresponds to the conditions in a washing column, are compared, it will be seen that the carbon dioxide absorption is about 15% higher with a 20 % by weight hexamethylene diamine 60 solution than with a monoethanolamine solution of the same concentration. Only a slight difference exists between a 35 % by weight hexamethylene diamine solution and a 40% by weight monoethanolamine solution, and it can of course be assumed that a 40 % by weight hexamethylene diamine solution will likewise have a higher absorption capacity than a monoethanolamine solution of the same concentration. A comparison of the 20 % by weight solutions of the two last-named amines, a 20 % by weight ethylene 65 diamine solution, of course, shows a considerable higher absorption capacity. With regard to this, however it
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
3
GB 2 032 297 A 3
must be said that hitherto it has not been practically possible to use a rriore highly concentrated ethylene diamine solution, since no suitable inhibitor has yet been found to counter the severe corrosive effect of such a solution. Thus finally, here also hexamethylene diamine is advantageous, since because of its low corrosivity, it can be used in higher concentrations as compared with ethylene diamine. It is, indeed, possible 5 to employ monoethanolamine at higher concentrations, but not without the use of a corrosion inhibitor. The measurements forming the basis for Figure 2 were carried out on 20 % by weight aqueous amine ; solutions. These were initially charged with carbon dioxide up to 85 % of the equilibrium charging at a temperature of 50°C and a carbon dioxide partial pressure of about 1 bar. These solutions were then heated to about 100°C and steam was introduced at constant temperature. In contrast to industrial installations, the 10 regeneration device used consisted of a simple vessel without exchange base, at the outlet of which the amount of stripping vapour was measured. The ordinate of the graph of Figure 2 shows the integral stripping vapour requirement Q in N1 of vapour per N1 of total carbon dioxide volume expelled, whilst the abscissa shows the total volume V in N1/kg of carbon dioxide expelled per kg of solution. Curve 1 relates to monoethanolamine, curve 2 to hexamethylene of diamine and curve 3 to ethylene diamine. The terminal 15 points of the curves correspond to a condition at which the solution still contains only a residual charge of 10 N1 carbon dioxide per kg of solution. This corresponds to the conditions in an industrial amine scrubbing plant. The starting points of the curves on the abscissa indicate those values of the carbon dioxide volume which were already expelled merely by heating to the stripping temperature.
A comparison of the curves at an abscissa value of 31 N1/kg leads to the following result: with 20 monoethanolamine, only 1 N1 is expelled just by heating, stripping vapour has to be used for the remaining 30 N1. On average, about 37 N1 of vapour per N1 carbon dioxide are necessary, so that in all some 1150 N1 of vapour, are necessary for the 31 N1 of carbon dioxide expelled from 1 kg of solution. The monoethanolamine solution is thus brought to the residual charge corresponding to the actual proportions referred to above.
25 In contrast, to equal quantities of hexamethylene diamine solution and of ethylene diamine solution charged up to 85 % in the same way require substantially smaller quantities of stripping vapour for the liberation of the same volume of carbon dioxide. Thus, curve 2 shows that 18 N1 of carbon dioxide per kg of solution are already expelled from the hexamethylene diamine solution through heating alone, while stripping vapour is required for the remaining 13 N1 of carbon dioxide.
30 On average, some 12 N1 vapour/IM1 carbon dioxide are necessary for the 31 N1 in all of carbon dioxide expelled, that is a total of about 370 N1 of stripping vapour. In contrast, for monoethanolamine, the corresponding value is more than three times as great. From curve 3 it can be seen that with the same stated abscissa value the stripping vapour requirement for the ethylene diamine solution is still somewhat above that for the hexamethylene diamine solution. In this case, the total amount of stripping vapour is about 435 35 N1 vapour/kg solution, in this case 20 N 1 of carbon dioxide being expelled by heating alone, and the total amount of stripping vapour serving for the expulsion of the remaining 11 N1 of carbon dioxide.
in the case discussed above, it is assumed that no use is made of the differing charging capacities of the three solutions, but that at all times equal quantities of scrubbing liquid are used. These are in all cases charged with carbon dioxide up to 85 % of their equilibrium charge during the scrubbing, and during 40 regeneration are stripped to a residual charge of 10 N1 carbon dioxide/kg in the case of monoethanlamine, to a residual charge of 34 N1/kg in the case of the ethylene diamine and to a residual charge of 20 N1/kg in the case of the hexamethylene diamine. The absorption capacity of the monoethanolamine solution for carbon dioxide is indeed optimally utilised here, but only at the price of a comparatively high stripping vapour requirement. In contrast, the stripping vapour requirement of the hexamethylene diamine solution only 45 amounts to less than 1/3, with the absorption capacity of this solution for carbon dioxide being indeed much less well utilised than that of the monoethanolamine solution, but still always considerably better than that of the ethylene diamine solution, which still requires rather more stripping vapour.
» In the case of the comparison of equal integral stripping vapour requirements, corresponding to a line parallel to the abscissa at, for example, a value of about 37 N1 of vapour/N1 of carbon dioxide, the most 50 unfavourable conditions again result forthe monoethanolamine solution: only 31 N1 of carbon dioxide were , expelled per kg of washing liquid, compared to about 40 N1 in the case of hexamethylene diamine and about 43 N1 with ethylene diamine. In this instance, the hexamethylenediamine is indeed somewhat less favourably placed than the ethylene diamine, but, on the other hand, its absorption capacity for carbon dioxide is far better utilised. Thus, the residual charge was only 11 N1 carbon dioxide/kg of scrubbing liquid, 55 compared to 10 N1 with monoethanolamine and still as before 22 N1 with ethylene diamine.
Thus, with equal amounts of scrubbing liquid at all times, in the range of from 22 to abut 35 N1 of expelled carbon dioxide/kg of scrubbing liquid there are advantages in the use of hexamethylene diamine, which exhibits the lowest stripping vapour requirement in this range. In the range of above 35 NL of expelled carbon dioxide per kg of washing liquid, in contrast, the ethylene diamine has the advantage, since in this 60 case more carbon dioxide can be expelled from this solution with the same amount of scrubbing liquid and also the same stripping vapour requirement per N1 of carbon dioxide, which has the same significance as the scrubbing of a greater quantity of crude gas. On the other hand, this means that for the removal of the same carbon dioxide concentration from the same amount of crude gas and with the same stripping vapour requirement, relatively speaking the greatest amount of monoethanolamine solution and the least amount 65 of ethylene diamine solution must be circulated; the behaviour of hexamethylene diamine in this respect
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
4
GB 2 032 297 A
4
closely approaches that of ethylene diamine. Thus, the use of hexamethylene diamine makes it possible to lower the scrubbing liquid circulation, at least as compared with monoethanolamine.
The deductions obtained from laboratory experiments and discussed above are qualitatively transferable to scrubbing processes on the industrial scale.
5 5

Claims (5)

1. A method of scrubbing an acid gas or gases from a gas mixture containing such acid gas or gases wherein the scrubbing of the gas mixture is effected using a scrubbing liquid consisting of an aqueous
10 solution of hexamethylene diamine.

2. A method as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the concentration of hexamethylene diamine in said aqueous solution is in the range of 5 to 40% by weight.

3. A method as claimed in Claim 2 wherein the concentration of hexamethylene diamine in said aqueous solution is in the range of 25 to 35 % by weight.
15

4. A method as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 3, wherein said acid gas is carbon dioxide. 15

5. A method of scrubbing an acid gas or gases from a gas mixture containing such acid gas or gases as claimed in Claim 1, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the drawings.
Printed for Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, by Croydon Printing Company Limited, Croydon Surrey, 1980.
Published by the Patent Office, 25 Southampton Buildings, London, WC2A 1AY, from which copies may be obtained.

GB7931382A
1978-09-11
1979-09-10
Method of scrubbing acid gases from gas mixtures

Expired

GB2032297B
(en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number
Priority Date
Filing Date
Title

DE2839506A

DE2839506C2
(en)

1978-09-11
1978-09-11

Process for scrubbing acidic gases from gas mixtures

Publications (2)

Publication Number
Publication Date

GB2032297A
true

GB2032297A
(en)

1980-05-08

GB2032297B

GB2032297B
(en)

1982-11-10

Family
ID=6049175
Family Applications (1)

Application Number
Title
Priority Date
Filing Date

GB7931382A
Expired

GB2032297B
(en)

1978-09-11
1979-09-10
Method of scrubbing acid gases from gas mixtures

Country Status (9)

Country
Link

US
(1)

US4279872A
(en)

AU
(1)

AU525937B2
(en)

BE
(1)

BE878704A
(en)

BR
(1)

BR7905765A
(en)

DE
(1)

DE2839506C2
(en)

FR
(1)

FR2435282A1
(en)

GB
(1)

GB2032297B
(en)

PL
(1)

PL117418B1
(en)

ZA
(1)

ZA794818B
(en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party

Publication number
Priority date
Publication date
Assignee
Title

USD948157S1
(en)

2018-12-20
2022-04-05
Chep Technology Pty Limited
Pallet attachment

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party

Publication number
Priority date
Publication date
Assignee
Title

WO1998028381A1
(en)

1996-12-23
1998-07-02
Cli International, Inc.
Corrosion inhibitor

US5879433A
(en)

1997-07-31
1999-03-09
Union Oil Company Of California
Method and apparatus for reducing the acid gas and/or inert particulate content of steam

USH2287H1
(en)

2010-05-26
2013-12-03
Frederic Vitse
Reduced carbon steel corrosion in CO2-O2 amine environment

FR3045401B1
(en)

2015-12-17
2018-02-02
IFP Energies Nouvelles

ABSORBENT SOLUTION BASED ON HYDROXYLIC DERIVATIVES OF 1,6-HEXANEDIAMINE AND METHOD FOR REMOVING ACIDIC COMPOUNDS FROM A GASEOUS EFFLUENT

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party

Publication number
Priority date
Publication date
Assignee
Title

FR685992A
(en)

1930-10-07
1930-07-21
Girdler Corp

Improvements in the separation of gases between them

GB675737A
(en)

1950-03-24
1952-07-16
Du Pont
Corrosion prevention in acidic gas removal processes

DE1951751U
(en)

1966-08-08
1966-12-15
Mecano Simmonds Gmbh

FASTENING ELEMENT FOR OBJECTS ON SUPPORT PLATES WITH OPENINGS.

DE1567717B2
(en)

1966-12-16
1975-09-04
Metallgesellschaft Ag, 6000 Frankfurt

Process for leaching carbon dioxide from hydrogen-containing synthesis gases

GB1309785A
(en)

1969-05-16
1973-03-14
Exxon Research Engineering Co
Promotor for acid gas absorption

AU506199B2
(en)

1975-06-26
1979-12-20
Exxon Research And Engineering Company
Absorbtion of co2 from gaseous feeds

US4094957A
(en)

1976-12-14
1978-06-13
Exxon Research & Engineering Co.
Process for removing acid gases with hindered amines and amino acids

1978

1978-09-11
DE
DE2839506A
patent/DE2839506C2/en
not_active
Expired

1979

1979-09-07
FR
FR7922431A
patent/FR2435282A1/en
active
Granted

1979-09-10
BR
BR7905765A
patent/BR7905765A/en
unknown

1979-09-10
US
US06/073,801
patent/US4279872A/en
not_active
Expired – Lifetime

1979-09-10
GB
GB7931382A
patent/GB2032297B/en
not_active
Expired

1979-09-10
BE
BE6/46937A
patent/BE878704A/en
not_active
IP Right Cessation

1979-09-11
AU
AU50717/79A
patent/AU525937B2/en
not_active
Ceased

1979-09-11
ZA
ZA00794818A
patent/ZA794818B/en
unknown

1979-09-11
PL
PL1979218243A
patent/PL117418B1/en
unknown

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party

Publication number
Priority date
Publication date
Assignee
Title

USD948157S1
(en)

2018-12-20
2022-04-05
Chep Technology Pty Limited
Pallet attachment

Also Published As

Publication number
Publication date

ZA794818B
(en)

1980-08-27

DE2839506A1
(en)

1980-03-20

BE878704A
(en)

1980-03-10

BR7905765A
(en)

1980-05-20

FR2435282B1
(en)

1982-07-02

PL218243A1
(en)

1980-06-02

GB2032297B
(en)

1982-11-10

PL117418B1
(en)

1981-08-31

AU525937B2
(en)

1982-12-09

US4279872A
(en)

1981-07-21

DE2839506C2
(en)

1983-09-08

AU5071779A
(en)

1980-03-20

FR2435282A1
(en)

1980-04-04

Contact information