GB1588896A - Creación de Inventos y Patentes con Inteligencia Artificial

GB1588896A – Camera having a holographic indicator
– Google Patents

GB1588896A – Camera having a holographic indicator
– Google Patents
Camera having a holographic indicator

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Publication number
GB1588896A

GB1588896A
GB37301/77A
GB3730177A
GB1588896A
GB 1588896 A
GB1588896 A
GB 1588896A
GB 37301/77 A
GB37301/77 A
GB 37301/77A
GB 3730177 A
GB3730177 A
GB 3730177A
GB 1588896 A
GB1588896 A
GB 1588896A
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GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
hologram
image
wave
light
camera according
Prior art date
1976-09-07
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)

Expired

Application number
GB37301/77A
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)

Canon Inc

Original Assignee
Canon Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
1976-09-07
Filing date
1977-09-07
Publication date
1981-04-29

1977-09-07
Application filed by Canon Inc
filed
Critical
Canon Inc

1981-04-29
Publication of GB1588896A
publication
Critical
patent/GB1588896A/en

Status
Expired
legal-status
Critical
Current

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Classifications

G—PHYSICS

G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY

G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS

G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infra-red or ultra-violet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto

G03H1/22—Processes or apparatus for obtaining an optical image from holograms

G—PHYSICS

G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY

G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS

G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infra-red or ultra-violet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto

G03H1/02—Details of features involved during the holographic process; Replication of holograms without interference recording

G03H1/024—Hologram nature or properties

G03H1/0248—Volume holograms

G—PHYSICS

G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY

G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS

G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infra-red or ultra-violet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto

G03H1/04—Processes or apparatus for producing holograms

G03H1/0402—Recording geometries or arrangements

G03H1/0406—Image plane or focused image holograms, i.e. an image of the object or holobject is formed on, in or across the recording plane

G—PHYSICS

G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY

G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS

G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infra-red or ultra-violet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto

G03H1/04—Processes or apparatus for producing holograms

G03H1/0402—Recording geometries or arrangements

G03H1/0408—Total internal reflection [TIR] holograms, e.g. edge lit or substrate mode holograms

G—PHYSICS

G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY

G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS

G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infra-red or ultra-violet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto

G03H1/22—Processes or apparatus for obtaining an optical image from holograms

G03H1/2249—Holobject properties

G—PHYSICS

G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY

G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS

G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infra-red or ultra-violet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto

G03H1/26—Processes or apparatus specially adapted to produce multiple sub- holograms or to obtain images from them, e.g. multicolour technique

G03H1/2645—Multiplexing processes, e.g. aperture, shift, or wavefront multiplexing

G03H1/265—Angle multiplexing; Multichannel holograms

G—PHYSICS

G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY

G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS

G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infra-red or ultra-violet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto

G03H1/22—Processes or apparatus for obtaining an optical image from holograms

G03H1/2202—Reconstruction geometries or arrangements

G03H1/2205—Reconstruction geometries or arrangements using downstream optical component

G03H2001/221—Element having optical power, e.g. field lens

G—PHYSICS

G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY

G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS

G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infra-red or ultra-violet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto

G03H1/22—Processes or apparatus for obtaining an optical image from holograms

G03H1/2202—Reconstruction geometries or arrangements

G03H2001/2223—Particular relationship between light source, hologram and observer

G03H2001/2231—Reflection reconstruction

G—PHYSICS

G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY

G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS

G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infra-red or ultra-violet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto

G03H1/22—Processes or apparatus for obtaining an optical image from holograms

G03H1/2202—Reconstruction geometries or arrangements

G03H2001/2223—Particular relationship between light source, hologram and observer

G03H2001/2234—Transmission reconstruction

G—PHYSICS

G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY

G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS

G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infra-red or ultra-violet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto

G03H1/22—Processes or apparatus for obtaining an optical image from holograms

G03H1/2249—Holobject properties

G03H2001/2284—Superimposing the holobject with other visual information

G—PHYSICS

G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY

G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS

G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infra-red or ultra-violet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto

G03H1/26—Processes or apparatus specially adapted to produce multiple sub- holograms or to obtain images from them, e.g. multicolour technique

G03H2001/2605—Arrangement of the sub-holograms, e.g. partial overlapping

G03H2001/261—Arrangement of the sub-holograms, e.g. partial overlapping in optical contact

G03H2001/2615—Arrangement of the sub-holograms, e.g. partial overlapping in optical contact in physical contact, i.e. layered holograms

G—PHYSICS

G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY

G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS

G03H2210/00—Object characteristics

G03H2210/20—2D object

G—PHYSICS

G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY

G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS

G03H2222/00—Light sources or light beam properties

G03H2222/34—Multiple light sources

G—PHYSICS

G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY

G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS

G03H2227/00—Mechanical components or mechanical aspects not otherwise provided for

G03H2227/02—Handheld portable device, e.g. holographic camera, mobile holographic display

G—PHYSICS

G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY

G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS

G03H2240/00—Hologram nature or properties

G03H2240/10—Physical parameter modulated by the hologram

G03H2240/11—Phase only modulation

Description

PATENT SPECIFICATION ( 11) 1 588 896
S ( 21) Application No 37301/77 ( 22) Filed 7 Sept 1977 ( 31) Convention Application No 51/106886 ( 32) Filed 7 Sept1976 in ds A E ( 33) Japan (JP) ( 44) Complete Specification published 29 April 1981 ( 51) INT CL 3 G 03 B 17/20 ( 52) Index at acceptance G 2 A 214 901 903 C 18 Cl C 22 C 2 CS G 2 J VF ( 54) A CAMERA HAVING A HOLOGRAPHIC INDICATOR ( 71) We, CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA, a Japanese Company, of No 330-2, Shimomaruko, Ohta-ku, Tokyo, Japan, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a Patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to a camera having means to provide an indicator in the 5 view finder The invention is applicable to varuous types of camera, such as photographic cameras-like single lens reflex cameras-as well as other cameras having view-finders through which an image of the object is observed.
It is often convenient for a camera user to be given relevant information whilst observing a scene through a view-finder Various proposals have been made for 10 conveying information, but mostly the user has to focus his eye either on the indicator or on the scene.
According to this invention, there is provided a camera comprising an objective lens means for forming an image of an object; shutter and diaphragm means for controlling an exposure; and a view finder having means for forming an image of 15 the object on an image-forming plane, a hologram comprising a record of an indicator mark, a carrier for holding the hologram such that the reconstructed image of the hologram falls on said image forming plane, an illuminating optical means for illuminating the hologram so as to obtain a reconstructed image from the hologram, and an optical system for viewing simultaneously the reconstructed 20 image of the hologram and the image of the object.
It will be appreciated that in this invention, a reconstructed hologram image is formed on the same plane as that of the image of an object formed by an image forming optical system; and thus a clear indication can be given to the camera user when the illuminating optical means is operated to illuminate the hologram 25 Generally, the term «hologram» is used to mean the result of recording interference fringes which are formed by wave front from an object and a reference wave front However, in this Specification, the term «hologram» is used in a broader sense, and is intended to include recorded interference fringes produced by means other than the above stated means, such as interference fringes produced 30 by an ultrasonic bulk wave, a computer calculated hologram and the like.
Preferably, the means for forming the image on the image forming plane includes the said objective lens means This arrangement is most advantageous with certain types of camera such as single lens reflex cameras.
It is particularly convenient for the hologram to be a focused image hologrrm, 35 for the reconstructed image thereof can then be formed by ordinary incoherent light Instead, a volume type hologram could be used, and this has the advantage that when the hologram is not illuminated by the illuminating optical means, the image of the object formed in the image forming plane is not affected by the hologram Another possibility is to use a phase type of hologram 40 The hologram is preferably positioned such that the reconstructed image overlaps the image of the object formed on the image forming plane.
In a camera of this invention, the image of an object formed in the image forming plane and the reconstructed hologram image are arranged to be formed on the same plane, so that these two images can be observed at the same diopter by 45 means of a common observation optical system This leads to a most convenient manner of giving the camera user information, whilst the user can study the image of the object If required, the hologram may be a record of a plurality of indicator marks which selectively can be illuminated to be reconstructed in the image forming plane 50 By way of illustration only, certain specific embodiments of this invention will now be described, reference being made to the accompanying drawings, in which:Figure 1 is an illustration of an embodiment of this invention wherein a reconstructed image of a volume type focused image hologram is arranged to 5 overlap the image of an object formed by an image forming optical system on the same plane as that of the latter to permit Qbservation of the reconstructed hologram, image together with the image of the object, the image forming system being, for example, the view finder of a movie camera; Figure 2 is an illustration of a volume type hologram; 10 Figure 3 is a graph illustrating the relation of diffraction efficiency of a volume type hologram to the angle of incidence of an illuminating beam; Figure 4 is an illustration of a method of forming an image forming volume type hologram; Figure 5 is an illustration of a mask for use in carrying out the method 15 illustrated in Figure 4; Figure 6 is an illustration of an image forming, volume type hologram produced in accordance with the method of Figure 4; Figure 7 is an illustration showing how to obtain the desired fringes in a volume hologram; 20 Figure 8 is an illustration of the interference between an object wave and a reference wave in a photo-sensitive material; Figure 9 is an illustration of the relative positions of the object wave and the reference wave required to obtain the desired fringes in a volume hologram; Figure 10 illustrates another method which differs from the method illustrated 25 in Figure 4 for forming a hologram; Figure 11 is an illustration of a second embodiment of this invention, permitting selective indication of two marks; Figure 12 is an illustration of a modification of the second embodiment, Figure 13 is an illustration of a third embodiment of this invention and which is 30 capable of displaying many information marks; Figure 14 is an illustration of the diffraction of light obtained when a volume type hologram is tilted; Figure 15 illustrates a fourth embodiment of this invention; Figure 16 is an illustration of a fifth embodiment of this invention, wherein the 35 information mark display arrangement is applied to a view finder optical system of a single-lens reflex camera; and Figure 17 is an illustration of a modification of the embodiment illustrated in Figure 16.
Figure 1 illustrates a first embodiment of this invention This embodiment is an 40 example wherein a hologram which can be reconstructed by ordinary incoherent light is used and an object’s real image formed by an image forming optical system is arranged to overlap a two-dimensional reconstructed real image of the hologram on the same plane The image forming optical system is, for example, a view finder of a movie camera In order to permit reconstruction by means of ordinary 45 incoherent light, a focused image hologram is employed in this example In this case, for making the real image of an object and the reconstructed real image of the hologram overlap each other, the focused image hologram itself must be arranged to overlap the object’s image Accordingly, the hologram is illuminated by a light flux that forms the object’s image In this particular embodiment, however, a 50 volume type hologram is employed so that the hologram does not affect the object’s image when such a reconstructed image is not required.
In Fig 1, 0 is the primary image of the object formed by the objective lens which is not shown, and a light flux 1 coming from the primary image 0 passes through a lens 2 to form a secondary image of the object on a secondary image 55 forming surface 5 A hologram 7 is disposed on a transparent carrier 6 which is superposed on the object’s secondary image formed on the secondary image forming surface The hologram 7 is illuminated by means of an ordinary incoherent light source 8 Then a divergent beam from the light source 8 is made into a parallel beam by a lens 9 and its incident angle to the hologram is made to be about equal to 60 the incident angle of a reference beam used for making the hologram A diffraction wave is reconstructed from the hologram 7 and passes along the optical axis of an observation optical system to form a reconstructed image When the hologram is an image type hologram, the image is reconstructed on the hologram plane and overlaps the object’s secondary image in the vicinity of the image forming surface 65 1,588,896 The reconstructed image can be observed through the observation optical system 13 and 14 together with the object’s image at the same diopter.
Generally, however, when a hologram is arranged to overlap an object’s image as in the case of this embodiment, a light flux of the object’s image is diffracted at the portion in which the hologram fringes are formed and not diffracted at the 5 portion in which the fringes are not formed Then the portion in which hologram fringes are formed is observed through the observation optical system 13 and 14.
Further, in the case of a focused image hologram, illumination by the image forming light flux always results in production of a negative image of the reconstructed image of the hologram together with an object’s image To solve 10 such a problem, therefore, a volume type hologram is employed and the Bragg angle width of the volume hologram is set to be smaller than the spreading angle of the object image forming light flux This will be understood from the following description:
Referring to Fig 2, the term «volume type hologram» means a diffracting 15 body the diffraction grating structure of which is in a three dimensional form Such a diffraction grating structure may be in the form of either density distribution or refractive index distribution However, in order to prevent the object image forming light flux from being affected, the diffraction grating structure is preferably in the form of refractive index distribution With conditions suitably 20 predetermined, the diffraction grating of the volume type hologram is characterized in that the maximum diffraction efficiency can be obtained only for a light flux incident thereon from a specific direction In other words, such a diffraction grating possesses a strong directional characteristic in terms of diffraction efficiency Fig 3 illustrates such a characteristic showing the variation 25 of diffraction efficiency that takes place with variation in the incident angle of a light flux that illuminates a diffraction grating of the volume type hologram The illuminating angle 0, at which the diffraction efficiency reaches its maximum is called the Bragg angle, which is expressed by the following diffraction condition formula of Bragg: 30 wherein a and represpt a wave number vector of incident light and diffraction light respectively; and K represents a reciprocal vector of the diffraction grating (see Fig 2) From this, the following formulae are obtained:
| I=| I= 2 ‘r/2 m ( 2) 35 (Am represents wave length within the diffraction grating), and I 1 = 27 r/d ( 3) (d: grating spacing distance).
Assuming that the reciprocal vector R is on a YZ plane shown in Fig 2, the condition formula of Bragg becomes: 40 2 d sin O = 2 A/n ( 4) wherein La represents the wave length in air and n is the mean refractive index of a diffraction grating.
Further, the angle width 8,,, of directional character in relation to the grating spacing distance d becomes narrower as the thickness of the diffraction grating 45 increases In the case in which the fringes of a grating are perpendicular to the surface of diffraction grating and the fringes are formed with refractive index distribution, the angle width Am is obtained from the following formulae:
3 Aa 8 r27 rn T Sin 08 ( 5) cd/T ( 6) For example, n = 1 52, T= 15 5 pm, Aa= 0 488 l Am, 0 B= 19 2 ‘ (when 300 in air), the angle 50 width Am becomes considerably narrow being 1 6 in a medium and 2 45 in air.
1,588,896 Fig 4 illustrates a method for forming a hologram and particularly a focused image hologram A beam of light coming from a laser 17 is divided into two by a beam splitter 18 One of the divided beams of light is made into a divergent beam by an objective 20 of a microscope through a reflecting mirror 19 At the converging point of the beam, there is disposed a pin hole 21 to eliminate noise 5 caused by dust or the like sticking to the lens surface of the optical system Then, the beam is made parallel by a collimating lens 22 and illuminates a mask 23 in which a pattern to be displayed has been recorded The pattern recorded in the mask 23 is imaged on the surface of a hologram recording medium 7 through an afocal lens system 24 and 25 The information light flux 32 which thus comes from 10 the mask 23 is arranged to be perpendicularly incident upon the surface of the hologram recording medium 7 A displaying pattern portion of the mask 23 may be either transparent with an opaque background surrounding it, or vice versa as shown in Fig 5.
The other half of the beam of light divided by the beam splitter is incident 15 upon the hologram recording medium 7 through an optical system which is similar to the optical system used for illuminating the mask and consists of a microscope objective 28, a pin hole 29 and a collimating lens 30 This beam of light 31 is known as a reference beam in the art of holography The reference beam 31 and the above stated mask information containing light flux 32 interfere with each other to form 20 interference fringes on the hologram recording medium 7 Assuming that a phase type sensitive material is employed as a recording medium, such interference fringes are recorded in the form of a phase distribution.
Phase type photo sensitive materials that are usable for such a purpose include dichromated gelatin, photopolymer, bleached silver salt, etc A focused image 25 phase type hologram 34 which is obtained in this manner possesses a structure of diffraction grating 35 only in the display pattern portion, as shown in Fig 6.
In the case of the embodiment which is illustrated in Fig I using a volume type phase hologram, the illumination light 10 which is incident at about the same angle as the incident angle of the reference beam used in forming a hologram satisfies the 30 Bragg condition for the hologram 7 to ensure a maximum diffraction efficiency.
Generally, in cases where a hologram is of a plane type, diffraction of the rays of all incident angles of the image forming light flux takes place to the outside of a light flux incident upon an observation optical system at about equal diffraction efficiency As a result of this, the portion 35 forming a display pattern becomes 35 darker than other portions surrounding it This causes the pattern to be still visible even when the pattern is not displayed In contrast with this, in the case of the volume type hologram which has a strong directional characteristic as in this embodiment, only the light flux portion in the vicinity of the portion that satisfies the Bragg condition is diffracted in the image forming light flux while the rest of the 40 light flux remains unaffected by diffraction and passes through the hologram.
Accordingly, the influence of diffraction by a hologram can be minimized and a display pattern remains invisible when not displayed if the angle width of the directional characteristic of a hologram is sufficiently small compared with the diverging angle of an image forming light flux According to the results of 45 experiments, such a pattern becomes invisible when the angle width of the directional characteristic is less than 50 and the diffraction efficiency of a hologram is less than 60 /,.
Unlike a plane type hologram, in the case of the hologram described in the foregoing, the pattern portion not only becomes dark but also is tinged with a 50 colour when the diffraction efficiency is above 60 S,, This is caused by lack of a part of a colour band of the image forming light flux and the pattern portion 35 is tinged with a colour that is complementary to the excluded colour For the hologram, either a light emitting diode or a tungsten filament lamp emitting light close to white may be employed as an illumination light source When a tungsten filament 55 lamp is employed as the illumination light source, the diffraction angle varies with the wave length of light; therefore the illumination light of a certain colour band is dispersed on an eyepiece and the colour of the display pattern varies with the position of the eye on the eyepiece Therefore, in preparing a hologram, when the eye is placed in the middle part of the eyepiece, a pattern of colour corresponding 60 to the wave lengths used in preparing the hologram is observable if the thickness of the photo-sensitive material remains unchanged in the preparation of the hologram As will be apparent from the foregoing description, when a phase type volume type hologram is used, the illumination light flux can be efficiently guided to the eyepiece for display of information; and, when display is not required, the 65 I 1,588,896 S 1,588,896 5 influence on the image forming light flux is minimized to make the display pattern invisible In the foregoing description, the wave lengths for the preparation of a hologram and reconstruction thereof are made to be equal and the hologram illumination light is considered to be a parallel flux of rays for the sake of explaining this invention In practicing this invention, however, in many cases the 5 photo-sensitive material for recording a phase type hologram is sensitive to light only of short wave length By contrast, for human eyes, green or red is preferable as display colour The wave length used for the preparation of a hologram, therefore, often differs from the wave length used for the reconstruction thereof Further, it is preferable not to make the illumination light flux into a parallel flux but to use a 10 divergent-light flux as emitted from a light source.
Now, the following description covers a method wherein a volume hologram is prepared by light of a wave length to which a photosensitive material is highly sensitive and wherein light of a wave length which differs from the light used for preparation can be diffracted in the direction in which an image light flux travels 15 Referring to Fig 7, a hologram illuminating light source is disposed in a position P The diffraction wave from a hologram converges at a converging point Q Where an eyepiece is used, the converging point changes to a point Q’ due to the action of the eyepiece Further, with an eyepiece employed, the point Q’ becomes an observation point Let us assume that the distance between the surface of a 20 photo-sensitive material and the hologram illuminating light source is X and the point of intersection between the surface of the photo-sensitive material and a line drawn from the point P downward perpendicularly to the surface of the photosensitive material is H, and further that the distance between the point H and one end B of the hologram which is closer to the point H than the other end A of the 25 hologram is Y Also let us assume that the distance between the two ends A and B of the hologram is y and diffraction angles of the light diffracted from hologram to converge at the point Q, with reference to the ends A and B, are respectively a A and a Then, assuming that the incident angles of the light emitted from the light 30 source P to be incident on the two ends A and B of the hologram are respectively O A and O B, the following relation obtains:
Y+y Y 0 A=tan-1 GB=tan ‘ X X Therefore, assuming that the incident angles inside the photosensitive layer of the photo-sensitive material are O 6 A and o’8 respectively and the refractive index of the 35 photosensitive material which has been made into a hologram is n H, there obtains the following relation:
sin O A sin 0.
0 ‘A=sin-‘() o’8 =sin-‘() n, n H Let us assume that the tilting angles of the diffraction grating at the ends A and B are g)A and q 8 and its pitches d A and d B respectively The above stated diffraction 40 angles A, and a, are converted into the diffraction angles A,’ and a 8 ‘ in the photosensitive material as follows:
sin ar, sin a 6 a A’=sin-l() a ‘=sin-l() n H n H Therefore, assuming that the wave length used in reconstruction of the hologram is A, the following formula is obtained: 45 6 8 6 -/ BA A e B -O(B A 2 2 ( 1) A 2 n Hsin(-j A) l 2 n Hsin( 1 YB) The tilting angle and the pitch of the diffraction grating required for reconstruction can be obtained from the Formula ( 1) above Such a diffraction grating is prepared by a laser beam of wave length Ao In the process of preparation of a hologram, the thickness of the photosensitive material varies Therefore, some 5 allowance for variation in the tilting angle and pitch of the diffraction grating must be taken into consideration in arranging the reference wave and the object’s wave of the laser beams in order to obtain the desired tilting angle and pitch of the diffraction grating.
Assuming that the expansion amount of the hologram is e%, the results of such 10 expansion is applied to the condition of Formula ( 1) above to obtain the following, the tilting angle and and the pitch of the diffraction grating before the expansion being assumed to be O A or O B and DA or DB respectively:
)P&= tanr{‘1 + PO) xtanl Aj d A = cos PA d A /COSA ( 2) O d COS 15 Cd B= s B Referring now to Fig 8, let us assume that the incident angle of the object’s wave and that of the reference wave when these waves are allowed to interfere with each other are OS’ and OR’ and the refractive index of the photosensitive material before exposure is n HO Then there obtains the following relation:
I / e A RA+ e SA 2 j d;bioc O COS A 2 () A (sine RA’ -sine SA)n Ho I E)= e RB + e SB 1 B 2 d B = (sine RI’ -sines B’)n Ho 1.588,896 7 1,588,896 7 The values of ORA’ or ORB’ and Os^’ or O SB’ then can be obtained from the following formula:
I Il RA +e S = 25 A A e I I Iko:COSA̳ sin GR -sing OS = D o RA SA O A’n H( 3 A’ Ho ( 3) { e RA +OSB = 2 B ;s ‘S o:COS r B Sin GRB sifl Gs B DB: n Ho Since all of the angles obtained from Formula ( 3) above are incident angles in 5 the photo-sensitive material, they are converted into angles in air ORA or O RB and O s A or O s B through the following formula:
GR sir(n Ho sin GRA) e RB=sinl(n W sin E) < ( 4) G O -sinl'^O sines Ai Ile SB=sin (n Ho sines B) SA Ho'sn SA Referring to Fig 9, let us assume that an optical system is arranged with the end B of the hologram being a start point; the centre of the wave front of the 10 object's wave being PS; the centre of the reference wave being PR; and the arrangement being expressed as PS (Xs, Ys), PR (XR, YR) Then, there obtains the following relation: Y$+ =tan ESB Y R =tan ORB |Xs t 5 =n XR _Sy=tn E Xs A tane RA From the above stated relation, the following formula is obtained: 15 if X 5 = Y RA R y y XR XS= ttan G -ta G tan R -tane SA SB RA RB ( 5) y.ton OSB y tang RB YS tan S tan GOSB,YR tan tan ORB In other words, in order to permit observation of a reconstructed image of a hologram together with an image of an object (a "picture"), the travelling direction of the picture light flux which is incident upon the hologram and is emitted therefrom (allowed to pass through the hologram) and that of the reconstructed 10 wave front of a predetermined wave length must be equalized with each other. Therefore, the exit angle of the picture light flux which is emitted from the hologram is predetermined Then, the diffraction angle of a given wave length is determined to be equal to the exit angle of the picture light flux To make the wave front of a given wave length emitted at the predetermined diffraction angle, an 5 object's wave of a given wave length is allowed to be incident upon a hologram recording medium at an angle at which the picture light flux is anticipated to be incident upon the hologram and, concurrently with this, a reference wave of a given wave length is allowed to be incident upon the same hologram recording medium The hologram which has been prepared in this manner is then illuminated 10 with a reconstruction light from the incident direction of the reference wave. In cases where a hologram recording medium does not have sensitivity to the above stated given wave length, however, a hologram that is similar to the hologram prepared with the given wave length must be prepared with light of wave length to which the recording medium is sensitive For this purpose, therefore, the 15 characteristic of a hologram that is capable of diffracting a wave front of a given wave length in the same direction as the travelling direction of the picture light flux, i e the tilting angle of diffraction grating and the pitch thereof, is as described in relation to Formula ( 1) in the foregoing The tilting angle of diffraction grating is formed on a bisector of an intersecting angle between the object's wave and the 20 reference wave The tilting angle given in Formula ( 1), therefor, can be obtained with a reference wave and an object's wave of sensible wave length which comes incident upon a hologram and a recording medium being arranged to be incident upon the hologram and the recording medium in such a manner that a bisector of an intersecting angle formed by them coincides with a line extended from a desired 25 tilting angle of diffraction grating The pitch of diffraction grating is determined by the intersecting angle of the object's wave and the reference wave and by their wave lengths A diffraction grating of a predetermined pitch, therefor, can be obtained by adjusting the intersecting angle of the object's and reference waves using the bisector of the intersecting angle as the centre of such adjustment For 30 such adjustment, the position of the object's wave (centre of wave front of the object's wave) and that of the reference wave (centre of wave front of the reference wave) are obtainable from Formula ( 5). To carry out reconstruction of a hologram using a point source P as described in the foregoing, the preparation of the hologram by a hologram preparation is system in general must be carried out by interference between spherical waves For example, a hologram to be reconstructed to have y= 2 mm, X= 4 mm, Y= 3 mm, a A= 3 , a,= 2 8 ' and A)a= 055 p in the generic formula given in the foregoing is prepared under the conditions of A O = 0 488 A, n H= 1 53 and n -= 1 58 Then, the object's wave and the reference wave are allowed to interfere with each other with 40 the wave front centre PS (Xe, Ys) of the object's wave and the centre PR (XR, Y,) of the reference wave arranged to be: 1 X,= 83 6 mm J XR= 4 1 mm LY,= 6 8 mm I YR= 2 9 mm In this case, the expansion amount is set at 15 %. Some photo-sensitive materials, such as dichromated gelatin, are susceptible 45 to humidity The use of such a photo-sensitive material necessitates the provision of a protective cover such as a cover glass on the front of the hologram In such a case, the arrangement of a preparation optical system in relation to a reconstructing system to which a protective cover is attached can be made by obtaining the positions PS and PR in the same manner as in the case where there is 50 used no such protective cover. As mentioned in the foregoing, the light from the light source P can be correctly diffracted to an observation point Q with regard to the two ends of the hologram However, there arises a slight degree of deviation with regard to other points Such deviation results in a decrease of the diffraction efficiency when the 55 light source is nearly monochromatic and results in colour deviation when the light source supplies white light of a certain magnitude In the above mentioned example, colour deviation of about 6 nm takes place in the middle of the hologram. However, such a slight degree of colour deviation is hardly discernible with the naked eye 60 A spherical object's wave front and spherical reference wave front that are required for satisfying the above stated conditions can be obtained by modifying a I 1,588,896 9 1,588,896 9 part of the hologram preparation optical system of Fig 4 into an arrangement asillustrated in Fig 10 In other words, the distance between lenses 24 and 25 is adjusted to make the wave front emitted from the lens 25 into a spherical wave and to make its centre of curvature the desired PS Further, the collimating lens 30 which has been disposed in the optical path of the reference wave is removed to 5 make the wave front of the reference wave into a spherical wave and the centre of curvature PR thereof is obtained at the converging point of the objective 28. The object illuminating light described in the foregoing is non-diffusing light. However, such illumination presents the following problems: Optical noise due to coherent illumination, or so called coherent noise, is 10 recorded in the pattern to lower the quality of the reconstructed image Further, when the position of the eye viewing through the observation optical system is shifted, the colour of the whole reconstructed image pattern tends to change In order to avoid such inconvenience over a wide range of observation, the object illumination is changed to illumination by diffusing light 15 However, a mere change to diffusing illumination causes diffusion of the reconstruction light flux over a wide angle Then, some portion of the light flux will be eclipsed by the observation optical system or by the eyepiece and the efficiency will be lowered by such Such simple diffusing illumination also causes the directional characteristic of the hologram to be broadened and then the image 20 forming light flux will be greatly affected thereby In view of such problems, when diffusing illumination is employed, the degree to which the light flux is to be diffused must be controlled Methods for effecting such control include a method wherein a circular aperture is provided in the rear focal plane of a lens 24 for filteringThe diameter D of such a circular aperture must be: 25 D<< 2 f sin V wherein f represents the focal length of a lens 13 and y the maximum exit angle of rays that are not eclipsed by the observation optical system and the eyepiece after emission from the hologram Such arrangement ensures that a reconstructed image of a high quality can be obtained without lowering efficiency 30 As mentioned in the foregoing, the diffraction efficiency of a volume type phase hologram depends upon the incident angle of illumination light and its angle characteristic is sharp Such characteristic can be utilized for making selective display of a plurality of information marks Referring to Fig 11, different patterns are recorded in two holograms 40 and 41 The emulsion surfaces 42 and 43 of these 35 holograms 40 and 41 are arranged to confront each other and are stuck together by means of an adhesive When the direction, tilting angle or pitch of the interference fringes 44 and 45 of the carriers of these holograms are arranged to be different, the information of each hologram can be displayed independently of the other In the example illustrated in Fig 11, the directions of the carrier interference fringes of 40 the first and second holograms are arranged to be in the horizontal and vertical directions respectively In this particular example, the first hologram is illuminated by a miniature lamp 46 from the vertical direction while the second hologram is illuminated by another miniature lamp 47 from the horizontal direction Also such selection of information can be effected by arrangement as illustrated in Fig 12 45 wherein the tilting angles, and ( 2 of the carrier interference fringes 44 and 45 are arranged to be different from each other In this example, these holograms are illuminated by miniature lamps 46 and 47 from the directions 0, and 02 in which the condition of Bragg is satisfied With the two holograms illuminated from the directions 0, and 0, with light of the same wave length respectively, the conditions 50 of the carrier interference fringes required for making the diffraction waves from these holograms travel together in the direction of the optical axis can be obtained from the following formulae: 'P 2 = 2 55 2 sin (C 11-O 1) d 2 AH 2 sin (( 2-02) wherein i and %'2 represent the tilting angles of carrier interference fringes; d, and d 2 spacing distance of interference fringes; AH wave length in the hologram photosensitive material; and 0, and 02 illumination angle in the hologram photo-sensitive material Further, assuming that the angle width of the directional characteristic of the hologram is 8 m, the angle difference AO between two illumination angles 5 required for completely separating the two different information marks for displaying one indepently of the other must satisfy the following relation: A O = 091 O i 2 >&m Although two holograms are stuck together in this particular example to obtain a hologram that contains records of two different information marks, a 10 hologram having records of a plurality of information marks also may be prepared by multiple exposure of a single hologram In such a case, the directions, pitches or tilting angles of the carrier interference fringes of the hologram to be subjected to multiple printing are arranged to be different in the same manner as in the preceding example 15 Further, it is also possible to prepare many hologram elements on a single hologram plate 49 as illustrated in Fig 13 In the example illustrated in Fig 13, the focused image hologram elements 48,, 482, are arranged to be displayed by light sources 501, 502 corresponding to these hologram elements respectively A light emitting diode matrix may be used for such light sources In 20 this case, although each light source illuminates not only a corresponding hologram element but also adjacent elements, such illumination to the adjacent elements does not satisfy conditions required for illumination Therefore, the information of the adjacent hologram elements are not displayed while only the information in the corresponding hologram element is selectively displayed by each light source 25 As illustrated in Fig 14, in a volume type hologram, the illumination angles 0, and 02 and the diffraction angles a, and a 2 of the light flux that satisfies the Bragg’s diffraction condition vary with the wave length of the light flux Accordingly, light of desired wave length can be diffracted in the direction of the optical axis by rotating the hologram to display a desired colour However, it is necessary that the 30 light source supplies white light of a certain magnitude.
Further, with the spacing distance d of the interference fringes changed, the wave length of light flux to be diffracted into the direction of the optical axis can be varied accordingly, even if the direction of the illumination light flux remains unchanged Elements that permit changing the spacing distance d of the grating in 35 such a manner include an ultrasonic bulk wave grating The colour of display can be changed by changing the oscillation wave length of an ultrasonic element.
In the embodiment illustrated in Fig 12, it is possible to change the colour of the two displayed information marks by setting conditions for the carrier interference fringes in such a manner as to change the wave lengths of light to be 40 diffracted respectively from the holograms 44 and 45 into the direction of the optical axis.
In the foregoing embodiment examples, transmission type volume holograms are described However such holograms may be replaced with reflection type holograms Also, in the foregoing embodiments, holograms are arranged to be 45 illuminated from outside However, such arrangement may be replaced with an arrangement as shown in Fig 15, wherein a hologram is illuminated with a light flux which is arranged to be totally reflected internally of a hologram plate 55 The feature of such a total reflection illumination hologram lies in that a non-diffracted light flux 57 of an illumination light flux 56 and the diffraction light flux 59 of an so image forming light flux 58 do not come out of the hologram It is an advantage of such a hologram that the hologram plate 55 can be utilized as a waveguide passage.
A hologram of this type is suitable for information display in a viewing window, a single-lens reflex camera, etc.
Referring now to Fig 16, an embodiment of such a total reflection 55 illumination hologram as applied to information display in a single-lens reflex camera is described below.
A hologram plate 63 is disposed close to a mat face of a Fresnel focusing plate 61 It is preferable to set the surface of the hologram as close to the mat face 62 as possible, when the hologram is a focused image type hologram One end 64 of the 60 hologram plate 63 is formed into a slanting face through which an illumination light flux 65 is introduced into the hologram plate 63 The illumination light flux is totally reflected within the hologram plate to advance to illuminate a hologram portion 66 1,588,896 in which display information is recorded This illumination produces a diffraction light flux 67 approximately in the direction of the optical axis to display the information inside a view finder A light flux 68 which is not diffracted at the hologram and a light flux 70 which is produced by diffraction of a finder light flux 69 at the hologram portion are totally reflected within the hologram plate 63 to 5 advance to the other end 71 of the hologram plate Then, with an absorbing paint provided at this end 71, such harmful fluxes of light can be eliminated.
For selectively displaying a plurality of information marks, it is preferable to use a hologram plate prepared by sticking two hologram plates 72 and 73 together as illustrated in Fig 17 For the first hologram plate 72, its hologram portion 76 is 10 illuminated with an illumination light flux 75 of a light source 74 which is disposed close to one end of the hologram plate 72 By this, an information light flux is obtained in the form of a reflection diffracting wave For the second hologram plate 73, its hologram portion 78 is illuminated by a light source 77 disposed close to one end of the second hologram plate to obtain an information light flux in the 15 form of a transmission diffracting wave In this case, it is necessary to make the total reflection angles 0, and 02 of the two illuminating light fluxes differ from each other in such a manner that the illumination light flux for one hologram is not diffracted by the other hologram.
In addition to above embodiments, this invention allows the use of a Fresnel 20 hologram and can utilize both real and virtual reconstructed images of the hologram.

Claims (1)

WHAT WE CLAIM IS:-
1 A camera comprising an objective lens means for forming an image of an object; shutter and diaphragm means for controlling an exposure; and a view finder 25 having means for forming an image of the object on an image-forming plane, a hologram comprising a record of an indicator mark, a carrier for holding the hologram such that the reconstructed image of the hologram falls on said image forming plane, an illuminating optical means for illuminating the hologram so as to obtain a reconstructed image from the hologram, and an optical system for viewing 30 simultaneously the reconstructed image of the hologram and the image of the object.
2 A camera according to Claim 1, wherein the reconstructed image from the hologram is arranged to overlap the image formed by said forming optical means.
3 A camera according to Claim I or Claim 2, wherein said means for forming 35 the image on the image forming plane includes the objective lens means.
4 A camera according to any of Claims 1 to 3, wherein said hologram is a focused image hologram.
A camera according to any of Claims 1 to 3, wherein said hologram is a volume type hologram 40 6 A camera according to any of Claims 1 to 3, wherein said hologram is a phase type hologram.
7 A camera according to any of Claims 1 to 6, wherein the hologram has a plurality of indicator marks and the illuminating optical means is arranged to display selectively each of the marks 45 8 A camera according to any of the preceding Claims, wherein the carrier for the hologram is a transparent plate and the illuminating optical means for the hologram is arranged to make a total internal reflection within the hologram carrier.
9 A camera substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to and as 50 illustrated in Figure 1 or in Figure 11, or in any one of Figures 12 to 17 of the accompanying drawings.
For the Applicant(s), SANDERSON & CO, 97 High Street, Colchester, Essex.
Printed for Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, by the Courier Press, Leamington Spa, 1981 Published by The Patent Office, 25 Southampton Buildings, London, WC 2 A l AY, from which copies may be obtained.
1 1 1,588,896 1 1

GB37301/77A
1976-09-07
1977-09-07
Camera having a holographic indicator

Expired

GB1588896A
(en)

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JP10688676A

JPS5332048A
(en)

1976-09-07
1976-09-07
Information mark display device

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GB1588896A
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GB1588896A
(en)

1981-04-29

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1976-09-07
1977-09-07
Camera having a holographic indicator

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US4165930A
(en)

JP
(1)

JPS5332048A
(en)

DE
(1)

DE2740284C2
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(1)

FR2363810A1
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patent/GB1588896A/en
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Also Published As

Publication number
Publication date

FR2363810B1
(en)

1981-11-27

US4265522A
(en)

1981-05-05

FR2363810A1
(en)

1978-03-31

JPS6137633B2
(en)

1986-08-25

US4165930A
(en)

1979-08-28

JPS5332048A
(en)

1978-03-25

DE2740284C2
(en)

1985-10-24

DE2740284A1
(en)

1978-03-16

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